MANUEL II  . PALAEOLOGUS (1350-1425), Byzantine emperor from 1391 to 1425, was born in 1350 . At the time of' his father's death he was a hostage at the court of Bayezid at Brusa, but succeeded in making his escape; he was forthwith besieged in Constantinople by the sultan, whose victory over the Christians at Nicopolis, however (Sept . 28, 1396), did not secure for him the capital . Manuel subsequently set out in person to seek help from the West, and for this purpose visited Italy, France, Germany and England, but without material success; the victory of Timur in 1402, and the death of Bayezid in the following year were the first events to give him a genuine respite from Ottoman oppression . He stood on friendly terms with Mahommed I., but was again besieged in his capital by Murad II. in 1422 . Shortly before his death he was forced to sign_ an agreement whereby the Byzantine empire undertook to pay Dom Luiz de Mello, drove him early to soldiering, and having joined a contingent for the Flanders war, he found himself in the historic storm of January 1627, when the pick of the Portuguese fleet suffered shipwreck in the Bay of Biscay: He spent much of the next ten years of his life in military routine work in the Peninsula, varied by visits to the court of Madrid, where he contracted a friendship with the Spanish poet Quevedo and earned the favour of the powerful minister Olivares . In 1637 the latter despatched him in company with the conde de Linhares on a mission to pacify the revolted city of Evora, and on the same occasion the duke of Braganza, afterwards King John IV . (for whom he acted as confidential agent at Madrid), employed him to satisfy King Philip of his loyalty to the Spanish crown . In the following year he suffered a short imprisonment in Lisbon . In 1639 he was appointed colonel of one of the regiments raised for service in Flanders, aad in June that year he took a leading part in defending Corunna against a French fleet commanded by the archbishop of Bordeaux, while in the following August he directed the embarcation of an expeditionary force of 10,000 men when Admiral Oquendo sailed with seventy ships to meet the French and Dutch . He came safely through the naval defeat in the channel suffered by the Spaniards at the hands of Van Tromp, and on the outbreak of the Catalonian rebellion became chief of the staff to the commander-in-chief of the royal forces, and was selected to write an account of the campaign, the Historia de la guerra de Cataluna, which became a Spanish classic .

On the

proclamation of Portuguese independence in 164o he was imprisoned by order of Olivares, and when released hastened to offer his sword to John IV . He travelled to England, where he spent some time at the court of Charles I., and thence passing over to Holland assisted the Portuguese ambassador to equip a fleet in aid of Portugal, and himself brought it safely to Lisbon in October 1641 . For the next three years he was employed in various important military commissions and further busied himself in defending by his pen the king's title to his newly acquired throne . An intrigue with the beautiful countess of Villa Nova, and her husband's jealousy, led to his arrest on the 19th of November 1644 on a false charge of assassination, and he lay in prison about nine years . Though his innocence was clear, the court of his Order, that of Christ, influenced by his enemies, deprived him of his commenda and sentenced him to perpetual banishment in India with a heavy money fine, and the king would not intervene to save him . Owing perhaps to the intercession of the queen regent of France and other powerful friends, his sentence was finally commuted into one of exile to Brazil . During his long imprisonment he finished and printed his history of the Catalonian War, and also wrote and published a volume of Spanish verses and some religious treatises, and composed in Portuguese a volume of homely philosophy, the Carta dc Guia de Casados and a Memorial in his own defence to the king, which Herculano considered " perhaps the most eloquent piece of reasoning in the language." During his exile in Brazil, whither he sailed on the 17th of April 16J5, he lived at Bahia, where he wrote one of his Epanaphoras de varia historia and two parts of his masterpiece, the Apologos dialogaes . He returned home in 1659, and from then until 1663 we find him on and off in Lisbon, frequenting the celebrated Academia dos Generosos, of which he was five times elected president . In the last year he proceeded to Parma and Rome, by way of England, and France, and Alphonso VI. charged him to negotiate with the Curia about the provision of bishops for Portuguese sees and to report on suitable marriages for the king and his brother . During his stay in Rome he published his Obras morales, dedicated to Queen Catherine, wife of Charles II. of England, and his Cartas familiares . On his way back to Portugal he printed his Obras metricas at Lyons in May 1665, and he died in Lisbon the following year . Manuel de Mello's early Spanish verses are tainted with Gongorism, but his Portuguese sonnets and cartas on moral subjects are notable for their power, sincerity: and perfection of form .

He strove successfully to emancipate himself from

foreign faults of style, and by virtue of his native genius, and hisknowledge of the traditional poetry of the people, and the best Quinhentista models, he became Portugal's leading lyric poet and prose writer of the 17th century . As with Camoens, imprisonments and exile contributed to make Manuel de Mello a great writer . His Letters, addressed to the leading nobles, ecclesiastics, diplomats and literati of the time, are written in a conversational style, lighted up by flashes of wit and enriched with apposite illustrations and quotations . His commerce with the best authors appears in the Hospital des lettras, a brilliant chapter of criticism forming part of the Apologos dialogaes . His comedy in redondilhas, the Auto do Fidalgo Aprendiz, is one of the last and quite the worthiest production of the school of Gil Vicente, and may be considered an anticipation of Moliere's Le Bourgeois gentilhomme . There is no uniform edition of his works, but a list of them will be found in his Obras morales, and the various editions are set out in Innocencio da Silva's Diccionario bibliographico portuguez . See Dom Francisco Manuel de Mello, his Life and Writings, by Edgar Prestage (Manchester, 1905), " D . Francisco Manuel de Mello, documentos biographicos " and " D . Francisco Manuel de Mello, obras autographas, e ineditas," by the same writer, in the Archivo historico portuguez for 1909 . Manuel de Mello's prose style is considered at length by G . Cirot in Mariana historien (Bordeaux, 1905), pp . 378 seq .

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