ISLE OF See also:

• MAN
• ISLE OF MAN (anc. Mona)

MAN (anc. See also:

• MONA

Mona)  , a dominion of the See also:

• CROWN

crown of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, in the Irish See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea . (For See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map, see ENGLAND, See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section I.) It is about 33 m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long by about 12 broad in the broadest See also:

• PART

part . Its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form resembles that of an heraldic See also:

• LOZENGE (from the Fr. losenge, or losange; the word also appears in Span. losanje, and Ital. losanga; perhaps derived from a word meaning a stone slab laid on a grave, which appears in forms such as Provencal lousa, Span. losa, the ultimate origin of whic

lozenge, though its out-See also:

• LINE

line is very irregular, being indented with numerous bays and narrow creeks . Its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical characteristic is the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close juxtaposition of See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain, glen and sea, which has produced avariety and beauty of scenery unsurpassed in any See also:

• AREA

area of equal See also:

• SIZE

size elsewhere . The greater part of its See also:

• SURFACE

surface is hilly . The hills, which reach their culminating point in Snaefell (2034 ft.), have a definite tendency to trend in the direction of the longer See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis, but throw out many radiating spurs, which frequently extend to the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-line . They are, for the most part, smooth and rounded in outline, the rocks being such as do not favour the formation of crags, though, owing to the rapidity of their descent, streams have frequently See also:

• RENT

rent steep-walled craggy gulleys in their sides . The strength of the prevalent See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly winds has caused them to be treeless, except in some of the See also:

• LOWER

lower slopes, but they are clad with verdure to their summits . Rising almost directly from the sea, they appear higher than they really are, and therefore See also:

• PRESENT

present a much more imposing See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance than many hills of greater See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude . On the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, where they descend precipitously into the sea, they unite with the cliffs to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and south of them to produce the most striking part of the coast scenery for which the isle is remarkable . But, indeed, the whole coast from See also:

• PEEL
• PEEL, ARTHUR WELLESLEY PEEL, 1ST VISCOUNT (1829- )
• PEEL, SIR ROBERT, BART

Peel See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round by the See also:

• CALF
• CALF, THE GOLDEN

Calf, past See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle-See also:

• TOWN

town and See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

Douglas to Maughold See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

Head, near See also:

• RAMSEY
• RAMSEY, SIR ANDREW CROMBIE (1814—1891)

Ramsey, is distinguished by rugged grandeur . From Ramsey round by the Point of Ayre to within a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles of Peel extend See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low sandy cliffs, bordered by See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat sandy shores, which surround the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain .

This plain is relieved only by a low range of hills, the highest of which attains an See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of 270 ft . The drainage of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island radiates from the neighbourhood of Snaefell, from which mountain and its spurs streams have on all sides found their way to the sea . The most important of these are the Sulby, falling into the sea at Ramsey; the Awin-See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass (See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright See also:

• RIVER

river) and the Awindhoo (dark river), which unite their See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters near Douglas; the Neb, at the mouth of which Peel is situated; and the Awin-argid (See also:

• SILVER

silver river, now called the Silverburn), which joins the sea at See also:

• CASTLETOWN (Manx, Bully Cashtel)

Castletown . There are no lakes . The narrow, winding glens thus formed, which are studded with clumps of See also:

• FIR

fir, sycamore and mountain ash, interspersed with patches of gorse, heather and See also:

• FERN (from O. Eng. fearn, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch varen, and Ger. Farn; the Indo-European root, seen in the Sanskrit parna, a feather, shows the primary meaning; cf. Gr. rmep6 , feather, rTepis, fern)

fern, afford a striking and beautiful contrast to the See also:

• BARE

bare mountain tops . Traces of an older See also:

• SYSTEM

system of drainage than that which now exists are noticeable in many places, the most remarkable being the central depression between Douglas and Peel . The chief bays are, on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east coast, Ramsey, with an excellent anchorage, Laxey, Douglas, Derbyhaven, Castletown and See also:

• PORT

Port St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary; and, on the west coast, Port See also:

• ERIN

Erin and Peel . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The predominant feature in the stratigraphy of the Isle of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man is, in the words of G . W . Lamplough,' " the central See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge of See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate and See also:

• GREYWACKE, or GRAUWACKE (a German word signifying a grey earthy rock)

greywacke, which seems to have constituted an insulated See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract at as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early a date as the beginning of the Carboniferous See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . This prototype of the present island appears after wards to have been enfolded and obliterated by the sediments of later times; but with the progress of denudation the old ridge has once more emerged from beneath this See also:

• MANTLE

mantle." This See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient rocks, the See also:

• MANX

Manx Slate See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series, has been divided locally into the Barrule slates, the Agneesh and other grit beds; and the Lonan and Niarbyl Flags . The whole series strikes N.E.-S.W., while structurally the strata form part of a synclinorium, the higher beds being on the N.W. and S.E. sides of the islands, the lower beds in the interior; although the subordinate dips appear to indicate an anticlinal structure .

These rocks have been greatly crumpled; and in places, notably in See also:

• SULLY, JAMES (1842– )
• SULLY, MAXIMILIEN DE BETHUNE
• SULLY, THOMAS (1783—1872)

Sully Glen, thrusting has See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed a well-marked crush-See also:

• BRECCIA

breccia . So much has this folding and See also:

• COMPRESSION

compression toughened the soft argillaceous rocks that the Barrule Slate, for example, is almost everywhere found occupying the highest points, while the hard but more joined grits and flags occupy the lower ground on the mountain flanks . The Manx Series is penetrated and altered by large masses of See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite at Dhoon, Foxdale and one or two other spots; and dykes, more or less directly associated with these masses, are numerous . No satisfactory fossils have yet been obtained from these rocks, but they are regarded, provisionally, as of Upper See also:

• CAMBRIAN

Cambrian See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . Carboniferous rocks, including a basal See also:

• CONGLOMERATE (from the Lat. conglomerare, to form into a ball, glomus, glomeris; so also the general term " conglomeration " for a miscellaneous collection of things, gathered together in a mass)

conglomerate, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone with abundant fossils, and the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black Posidonomya Beds " (some of which are polished as a black See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble), occur about Castletown, Poolvash See also:

• BAY

Bay and Langness; and the See also:

• BASE

base= ment beds appear again on the west coast at Peel . The cliffs and See also:

• FORESHORE

foreshore at See also:

• SCARLET

Scarlet Point exhibit contemporaneous Carboniferous tuffs, agglomerates and basalts, as well as later See also:

• DOLERITE (from Gr. SoXepos, deceptive)

dolerite dykes, in a most striking manner . Here too may be seen some curious effects . G . W . Lamplough, The Geology of the Isle of Man, Mean GqQ.I . Survey (1903) . of thrusting in the limestones .

At the northern end of the island the Manx Slates end abruptly in an ancient sea-cliff which crosses between Ramsey and Ballaugh . The low-lying See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country beyond is formed of a thick mass of glacial sands, gravels and See also:

• BOULDER
• BOULDER (short for " boulder-stone," of uncertain origin; cf. Swed. bullersten, a large stone which causes a noise of rippling water in a stream, from bullra, to make a loud noise)

boulder See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay . In the See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

Bride Hills are to be seen glacial mounds rising 150 ft. above the level of the plain . The depressions known as the See also:

• CURRAGH

Curragh, now drained but still peaty in places, probably represent the sites of See also:

• LATE

late glacial lakes . Glacial deposits are found also in all parts of the island . Beneath the thick See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift of the plain, Carboniferous, See also:

• PERMIAN

Permian and Trassic rocks have been proved to See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie at some See also:

• DEPTH

depth below the present sea-level . On the coast near the Point of See also:

• AYR

Ayr is a raised See also:

• BEACH

beach . Silver-bearing See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead ore, See also:

• ZINC

zinc and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper are the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal minerals found in the Isle of Man; the most important See also:

• MINING

mining centres being at Foxdale and Laxey . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.-The island is liable to heavy See also:

• GALES (mod. Calvi)

gales from the south-west . Of this the trend of the branches of the trees to the north-east is a striking testimony . But it is equally subject to the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the warm drift from the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic, so that its winters are mild, and, influenced by the less changeable temperature of the sea, its summers cool . The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature is 49°0 F., the temperature of the coldest See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month (See also:

• JANUARY

January) being 41 °.5, and the warmest (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August) 58°.5, giving an extreme annual range of temperature of 17°• 1 only, while the See also:

• AVERAGE

average temperature in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring is 46°•0, in summer 57°•2, in autumn 50°•9 and in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter 42°.o .

Further See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the mildness of the climate is afforded by the fact that fuchsias, hydrangeas, myrtles and escallonias grow luxuriantly in the open See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air . Its rainfall, placed as it is between mountain districts in England, See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, is naturally rather wet than dry . See also:

• STATISTICS

Statistics, however, reveal remark-able divergencies in the amounts of See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain in the different parts of the island, varying from 61 in. at Snaefell to 25 in. at the Calf of Man . In the more populous districts it varies from 46 in. at Ramsey, and 45 in. at Douglas, to 38 in. at Peel and 34 in. at Castletown . Of See also:

• SUNSHINE

sunshine the Isle of Man has a larger See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share than any portion of the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom except the south and south-east coasts and the Channel Islands . Briefly, then, the climate of the island may be pronounced to be equable and sunny, and, though humid, decidedly invigorating; its rainfall, though it varies greatly, is excessive in the populous districts; and its winds are strong and frequent, and usually mild and See also:

• DAMP

damp . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.-Like Ireland, the Isle of Man is exempt from See also:

• SNAKES

snakes and toads, a circumstance traditionally attributed to the agency of St See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick, the See also:

• PATRON

patron See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint of both islands . Frogs, however, have been introduced from Ireland, and both the See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand See also:

• LIZARD (Lat. lacertal)

lizard and the See also:

• COMMON

common lizard are found . Badgers, moles, squirrels and voles are absent and foxes are See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct . Fossil bones of the Irish See also:

• ELK

elk are frequently found, and a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• SKELETON

skeleton of this See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal is to be seen at Castle Rushen . The red See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, which is referred to in the ancient See also:

• LAWS

laws and pictured on the runic crosses, became extinct by the beginning of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . See also:

• HARES

Hares are less plentiful than formerly, and rabbits are not very numerous .

See also:

• SNIPE (0. Eng. Spite, Icel. Snipe, Dutch Snip, Ger. Schnepfe)

Snipe are fairly common, and there are a few partridges and See also:

• GROUSE

grouse . The latter, which had become extinct, were reintroduced in 1880 . See also:

• WOODCOCK (O. Eng. wude-cocc, wudu-coc, and wudu-snite)

Woodcock, See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild geese, wild ducks, See also:

• PLOVER

plover, widgeon, See also:

• TEAL (O.E. tele)

teal, See also:

• HERON (Fr. heron; Ital. aghirone, airone; Lat. ardea; Gr. ipw&bs: A.-S. hragra; Icelandic, hegre; Swed. hager; Dan. heire; Ger. Heiger, Reiher, Heergans; Dutch, reiger)

heron, See also:

• BITTERN
• BITTERN (from " bitter ")

bittern, kingfishers and the Manx See also:

• SHEARWATER

shearwater (Puffinus anglorum) visit the island, but do not breed there . The See also:

• PUFFIN

puffin (Fratercula artica) is still numerous on the Calf islet in the summer See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . The peregrine See also:

• FALCON
• FALCON (Lat. Falco;' Fr. Faucon; Teutonic, Falk or Valken)

falcon, which breeds on the rocky coast, and the chough have become very scarce . The legal See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of sea-birds (See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of 1867) has led to an enormous increase in the number of gulls . A variety of the domestic See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

cat, remarkable for the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence or stunted See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the tail, is See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to the island . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.-Like the fauna, the flora is chiefly remarkable for its meagreness . It contains at most 450 See also:

• SPECIES

species as compared with 690 in See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey . Alpine forms are absent . But what it lacks in variety it makes up in beauty and quantity . For the profusion of the gorse-See also:

• BLOOM (from A.S. bloma, a flower)

bloom and the abundance of spring See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, especially of primroses, and of ferns, the Isle of Man is probably unrivalled .

See also:

• PEOPLE

People.-The Manx people of the present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day are mainly of Scandio-See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic origin, with some slight traces of earlier races . They have large and broad heads, usually broader than those of their See also:

• BROTHER

brother Celts (Goidels) in Ireland and Scotland, with very broad, but not specially prominent cheek-bones . Their faces are usually either scutiform, like those of the Northmen, or See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval, which is the usual Celtic type, and their noses are almost always of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good length, and straighter than is general among Celtic races . See also:

• LIGHT

Light eyes and See also:

• FAIR

fair complexion, with rather dark See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, are the more usual combinations . They are usually rather tall and heavily built, their average height (See also:

• MALES

males) being 5 ft . 71 in., and average See also:

• WEIGHT

weight (naked) 155 lb . The tendency of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population to increase is balanced by See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration . It reached its maximum in 1891 . Since then it has slightly declined . A noticeable feature is its greater proportionate growth in the towns, especially in Douglas, than in the country . The country population reached its maximum in 1851 . Since then it has been shrinking rapidly, especially in the northern See also:

• DISTRICT

district .

Sheadings, Parishes and Towns . 1726 . 1821 . 1871 . 1901 . Malew (P.) . . . 890 2,649 2,466 2,113 Castletown (T.) 785 2,036 2,318 1,963 Arbory (P.) 661 1,455 1,350 802 Rushen (P.) 813 2,568 3,665 3,277 Santon 376 800 628 468 al (P.) b Braddan (P.) 780 1,754 2,215 2,177• Douglas (T.) 810 6,054 13,846 19,149 Onchan (P.) 370 1,457 1,620 3,942 Marown (P.) 499 1,201 1,121 973 See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German (P .) 510 1,849 1,762 1,230 ~~Peel (T.) 475 1,909 3,496 3,306 Patrick (P.) 745 2,031 2,888 1,925 Lonan (P.) 547 1,846 3,741 2,513 J . . . . m 11 M aughold . . . . 529 1,514 1,433 887 Ramsey (T.) 46o 1,523 3,861 4,672 .) Lezayre (P.) 1,309 2,209 1,620 1,389 Bride (P.) .

. . . 612 1,001 88o 539 Andreas (P.) 967 2,229 1,757 1,144 v I lurby (P.) . . . . 483 1,108 788 504 jl altaugh (P.) 8o6 1,467 1,077 712 See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael (P.) 643 1,427 1,231 928 See also:

• TOTAL

Total . . . . 14,070 40,087 53,763 54,613 Chief See also:

• POLITICAL

Political Divisions and Towns.-The island is divided into six sheadings (so named from the Scandinavian sketa-ping, or See also:

• SHIP

ship-district), called Glenfaba, See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle, Rushen, Garff, Ayre and Michael, each of which has its officer, the See also:

• CORONER

coroner, whose functions are similar to those of a See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff ; and there are seventeen parishes . For the towns see CASTLETOWN, DOUGLAS, PEEL and RAMSEY . The principal villages are Ballasalla, Ballaugh, Foxdale, Laxey, Michael, Onchan, Port Erin and Port St Mary . Communications.-There is communication by steamer with See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool, See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow, See also:

• GREENOCK

Greenock, See also:

• BELFAST

Belfast, Silloth, See also:

• WHITEHAVEN

Whitehaven, Belfast and See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin throughout the See also:

• YEAR

year and, during the summer See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, there are also steamers plying to Androssan, See also:

• HEYSHAM

Heysham, See also:

• FLEETWOOD
• FLEETWOOD, CHARLES (d. 1692)
• FLEETWOOD, WILLIAM (1656-1723)

Fleetwood and See also:

• BLACKPOOL

Blackpool . A daily See also:

• MAIL

mail was established in 1879 . The See also:

• INTERNAL

internal communications are excellent . The roads are under the management of a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board appointed by the Tynwald See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court, a surveyor-general, and parochial surveyors .

They are maintained by a system of licences on public-houses, carriages, carts and See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs, and a See also:

• RATE

rate on real See also:

• PROPERTY

property . There are See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways between Douglas, Ramsey, Peel, Castletown, Port Erin and Port St Mary, the line between Douglas and Ramsey being via St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John's and Michael . Electric tramways run from Douglas to Ramsey via Laxey, from Douglas to Port Soderick, and from Laxey to the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of Snaefell . See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries . (a) See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.-The position of the Manx farmers, though they generally pay higher rents than their compeers in those countries do, is, except in the remote parts of the island, more favourable than that of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English or Scottish farmers . The best See also:

• LAND

land is in the north and south . The farms are principally held on See also:

• LEASE (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. laxare, to loosen)

lease and small holdings have almost entirely disappeared . The cultivated area is about 93,000 acres, or 65 % of the whole . The See also:

• COMMONS

commons and uncultivated lands on the mountains are also utilized for pasturage . Oats occupy about three-fourths of the area under See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn crops, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley about one-See also:

• SIXTH

sixth . The amount of See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat and other corn crops is very trifling . Neither Manx wheat nor barley is as good on an average as English ; but oats is, on the whole, fully equal to what is grown on the mainland .

Turnips, which are an excellent See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop, are largely exported, and the dry and sandy See also:

• SOIL

soil of the north of the island is very favourable for the"'growth of potatoes . The white and red See also:

• CLOVER

clover and the common See also:

• GRASSES

grasses grow luxuriantly, and the pasturage is, generally speaking, good . Some of the low-lying land, especially in the north, is much in need of systematic drainage . The livestock, largely in consequence of the premiums given by the insular See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and the local agricultural society to bulls, heavy and light stallions and See also:

• CART (A.S. crcet, Gaelic cairt; connected with " car ")

cart mares,. now approximates very closely in quality to the stock in the north of England . Dairying, owing to the large number of summer visitors, is the most profit-able See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of agricultural See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . Apples, See also:

• PEARS

pears and See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit do not succeed very well, but the soil is favourable for the cultivation of strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, currants and vegetables . Both agricultural and See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden produce are quite insufficient to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply the demand in the summer . (b) Fishing.-The important See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place which the fishing industry anciently held in the social organization of the Isle of Man is quaintly reflected in the wording of the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath formerly taken by the deemsters, who promised to execute the laws between the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign and his subjects, and " betwixt party and party, as indifferently as the See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring backbone loth lie in the midst of the See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish." The statutes and records abound in evidence of the See also:

• GREAT

great extent to which both the people and their rulers were dependent on the produce of the sea . The most numerous fish are See also:

• HERRINGS, BATTLE OF THE

herrings, See also:

• COD

cod, See also:

• MACKEREL

mackerel, See also:

• LING, PER HENRIK (1776-1839)

ling, See also:

• HADDOCK (Gadus aeglefinus)

haddock, See also:

• PLAICE (Pleuronectes platessa)

plaice, See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole, See also:

• FLUKE (probably connected with the Ger. flack, flat)

fluke, turbot and brett . The industry is, however, in a decaying condition, especially the herring See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery, which, for reasons which have not been satisfactorily ascertained, fails periodically . The amount of fish caught, except herrings, is not sufficient to supply the local demand in the summer, though some of the fish named are exported during the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the year . About 250 vessels, aggregating 4260 tons, with crews numbering 4250, are employed in this industry .

A fish hatchery has been established at Port Erin by the insular government . (c) Mining.—There is no doubt that, in proportion to its area, the metalliferous See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of the Isle of Man has been very consider-able . Two of its mines, Laxey and Foxdale, have stood for a long series of years in the first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Islands for productiveness of zinc and silver lead respectively . These metals have constituted its principal riches, but copper See also:

• PYRITES

pyrites and hematite See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron have also been raised in marketable quantities, while only very small amounts of the ores of See also:

• NICKEL
• NICKEL (symbol Ni, atomic weight 58.68 (0=16))

nickel and See also:

• ANTIMONY (symbol Sb, atomic weight 120.2)

antimony have been found . The mines are rented from the Crown as See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of the See also:

• MANOR

manor . The value of the ore produced is about 40,000 annually . Other economic products are clay, granite, limestone, See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone, slate (of an inferior quality) and See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, which has been discovered near the Point of Ayre . (d) Textiles, &c.—Since labour has become scarcer and dearer textile industries have been declining, being unable to compete with larger and more completely organized manufactories elsewhere . The principal manufactured articles are woollen cloths and blankets, See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp See also:

• ROPES, JOHN CODMAN (1836–1899)

ropes and See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, and herring nets . A few fishing vessels are built, and See also:

• BREWING

brewing is a prosperous industry . But, apart from agriculture, the most important industry (for so it may be called) is that of the See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision for summer visitors, nearly See also:

• HALF

half a million of whom come to the island annually . See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce.—The chief exports are lead, zinc, turnips, ropes, cotton nets and salt .

The imports consist chiefly of See also:

• TIMBER

timber, See also:

• PRO

pro-visions, live-stock, poultry, See also:

• FLOUR

flour, fruit, vegetables and eggs . In 1906 the See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage of vessels (other than fishing or See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind-See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound vessels) cleared for See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic was 720,790 . The number of vessels (other than fishing vessels) registered as belonging to the island in 1906 was 79 . Government.—The government of the island is vested in a See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, appointed by the Crown; in a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council, which is the upper See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the legislature; in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Keys, which is the lower branch; and in the Tynwald Court . The Council and Keys sit separately as legislative bodies, but they sit in the Tynwald Court as distinct bodies with co-See also:

• ORDINATE

ordinate See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers to transact executive business and to sign Bills . The Tynwald Court controls the surplus See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue, after the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of the cost of government and of a fixed contribution of I1o,000 to the imperial See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer, subject to the super-See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision of the See also:

• TREASURY

Treasury and the See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto of the lieutenant-governor, and it appoints boards to See also:

• MANAGE

manage the harbours, highways, See also:

• EDUCATION

education, local government, and lunatic and poor asylums . The Imperial government, after intimating its intention to Tynwald, fixes the rates of the customs duties, but Tynwald can by See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution "impose, abolish or vary" the customs duties subject to the approval of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament or the Treasury, such See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change to take effect immediately and to continue for six months, and, if parliament be then sitting, to the end of the session, provided that the same be not in the meantime annulled by the passing of an act of parliament, or a Treasury See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute . The approval of the sovereign of the United Kingdom in Council is essential to every legislative enactment . Acts of the imperial parliament do not affect the island except it be specially named in them . The lieutenant-governor, who is the representative of the sovereign, presides in the Council, in the Tynwald Court, in the High Court of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice (See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

Staff of Government See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division) and in the Court of General See also:

• GAOL, or JAIL

Gaol Delivery . He is the supreme executive authority, and he shares the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the legislative and administrative functions, including the management of the revenue and the control of its surplus, with the Tynwald Court; he has also the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of veto as regards the disposal of surplus revenue and the nature of proposed See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour See also:

• WORKS

works, and his See also:

• SIGNATURE (through Fr. from Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, mark, token, sign)

signature is necessary to the validity of all acts . It has been the practice for him to act as See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the exchequer and to initiate all questions concerning the raising or See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure of public funds .

The Council consists of the lieutenant-governor, the lord-See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese, the clerk of the rolls, the two deemsters, the See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

attorney-general, the See also:

• ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

archdeacon (all of whom are appointed by the Crown) and the See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar-general, who is appointed by the bishop . No act of the governor and Council is valid unless it is the act of the governor and at least two members of the Council . The House of Keys (for origin of the name see See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

KEY) is one of the most ancient legislative assemblies in the See also:

• WORLD

world . It consists of twenty-four members, elected by male and See also:

• FEMALE

female owners oroccupiers of property . Each of the six sheadings elects three members; the towns of Castletown, Peel and Ramsey one each, and Douglas five . There is no property qualification required of the members, and the house sits for five years unless previously dissolved by the lieutenant-governor . See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law.—The High Court of Justice, of which the lieutenant-governor is See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president, contains three divisions: viz. the See also:

• CHANCERY

Chancery Division, in which the clerk of the rolls sits as See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge, the Common Law Division, of which the deemsters are the See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges, the Staff of Government Division, in which the governor and three judges sit together . The See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of the Chancery and Common Law Division is in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main similar to that of the corresponding divisions in the English Courts . The Staff of Government exercises appellate jurisdiction, similar to that of the See also:

• APPEAL

Appeal'Courts in England . The Common Law Courts for the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern division of the island are held at Douglas and Castletown alternately and those for the northern division at Ramsey, once in three months . Actions in these courts are heard by a deemster and a See also:

• SPECIAL

special or common See also:

• JURY

jury . The Chancery Court sits once a fortnight at Douglas .

The deemsters also have See also:

• SUMMARY

summary jurisdiction in matters of See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt, actions for liquidated See also:

• DAMAGES (through O. Fr. damage, mod. Fr. dommage, from Lat. damnum, loss)

damages under X50, suits for See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of real or See also:

• PERSONAL

personal property, petitions for See also:

• PROBATE

probate, &c . These courts, called Deemsters' Courts, are held weekly, alternately at Douglas and Castletown, by the deemster for the southern division of the island, and at Ramsey and Peel by the deemster for the northern division . Criminal cases are heard by the magistrates or a high-See also:

• BAILIFF

bailiff and are (with the exception of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor cases which may be dealt with summarily) sent on by them for trial by a deemster and a jury of six, who hear the evidence and determine whether there is sufficient ground for sending the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case for trial before the Court of General Gaol Delivery, thus discharging the functions of the See also:

• GRAND

Grand Jury in England . The Court of General Gaol Delivery is the Supreme Criminal Court and is presided over by the lieutenant-governor, who is assisted by the clerk of the rolls and the two deemsters . The high-bailiffs hold weekly courts in the four towns for the recovery of debts under See also:

• FORTY

forty shillings and for the trial of cases usually brought before a stipendiary See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate in England . The magistrates (J.P.'s) also hold See also:

• REGULAR

regular courts in the towns for the trial of breaches of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace and minor offences . There is a coroner in each of the six sheadings . These See also:

• OFFICERS

officers are appointed annually by the lieutenant-governor and perform duties similar to those of a sheriff's officer in England . Inquests of See also:

• DEATH

death are held by a high-bailiff and jury . The Manx See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

Bar is distinct from that of England . Its members, called " See also:

• ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

Advocates," combine the functions of See also:

• BARRISTER

barrister and See also:

• SOLICITOR

solicitor . The laws See also:

• RELATING

relating to real property still retain much of their ancient peculiarity, but other branches of law have of late years by various acts of Tynwald been made practically identical with English law .

As regards real property the general See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure is a customary See also:

• FREEHOLD

freehold devolving from each possessor to his next See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir-at-law . The descent of land follows the same rules as the descent of the crown of England . The right of See also:

• PRIMOGENITURE

primogeniture extends to See also:

• FEMALES

females in See also:

• DEFAULT (Fr. defaut, from defailler, to fail, Lat. fallere)

default of males in the See also:

• DIRECT

direct line . The See also:

• INTEREST

interest of a widow or widower, being the first wife or See also:

• HUSBAND

husband of a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person deceased, is a See also:

• LIFE

life See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate in one-half of the lands which have descended hereditarily, and is forfeited by a second See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage; a second husband or second wife is only entitled to a life interest in one-See also:

• FOURTH

fourth, if there be issue of the first marriage . Of the land See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased by the husband the wife surviving him is entitled to a life interest in one moiety . By a See also:

• STATUTE

statute of the year 1777 proprietors of land are empowered to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant leases for any See also:

• TERM

term not exceeding twenty-one years in possession without the consent of the wife . See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church.—It is not known by whom See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity was introduced into Man, but from the large proportion of names of Irish ecclesiastics surviving in the appellations of the old Manx keeills, or cells, which are of, similar type to the Irish oratories of the 6th and 7th centuries, and in the dedications of the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish churches, which are usually on ancient sites, it may be reasonably conjectured that Manxmen were, for the most part, Christianized by Irish missionaries . During the incursions of the See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan Vikings Christianity was almost certainly extirpated and it was probably not reintroduced before the beginning of the filth century . The two most important events in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval Manx Church were the formation of the diocese of Sodor (q.v.) and the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of Rushen, a branch of the Cistercian abbey of See also:

• FURNESS
• FURNESS, HORACE HOWARD (1833– )

Furness, in 1134 . This latter event was important because the See also:

• CISTERCIANS

Cistercians were exempted from all episcopal visitation and control, by See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter granted by the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope, and were, therefore, only subject to his See also:

• RULE

rule and that of the abbots of their own See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . From this time till the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation we find that there was an almost continuous struggle between the laity and the spiritual barons and monks, who had obtained great power and much property in the island . In 1458 the diocese was placed under See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York .

The See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the religious houses in Man was not brought about by the English Act of 1539, which did not apply to the island, but by the arbitrary See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII . From such evidence as is available it would seem that the Reformation was a very slow See also:

• PROCESS

process . When See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac See also:

• BARROW
• BARROW (from A.S. beorh, a mount or hillock)
• BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677)
• BARROW, SIR JOHN (1764-1848)

Barrow (See also:

• UNCLE

uncle of his well-known namesake) became bishop in 1663 the condition of the Church was deplorable, but under him and his able and saintly successors, See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson (1698–1755) and See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark Hildesley (1755-1773), it attained to a very much higher level than the English Church during the same period . After Hildesley's time it was again neglected, and successful See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions by John See also:

• WESLEY (FAMILY)
• WESLEY, JOHN (1703-1791)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL (1766-1837)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL SEBASTIAN (1810–1876)

Wesley and others resulted in the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment and rapid incr ase of See also:

• NONCONFORMITY, LAW RELATING TO

Nonconformity . It was not till the second See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade of the 19th century that the condition of the Church began to improve again, and this improvement has steadily continued . In 1878 a Sodor and Man theological school was established for the training of candidates for See also:

• HOLY

holy orders . This school has been affiliated to See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham University . In 188o four rural deaneries were established, and commissioners were constituted as trustees of endowments for Church purposes . In 1895 a See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter, with four canons, was constituted under the name of the " See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

Dean and Chapter of Man," the bishop being the dean of the cathedral church . A Church Sustentation Fund was established by Bishop Straton in 1894, with a view to supplementing the incomes of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, which had been greatly reduced on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the low See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price of corn . There have been several acts giving Nonconformists equal rights with Church-men . Among these are the Burials Acts of 1881 and 1895, which permit burials to take place in churchyards without the See also:

• RITES

rites of the Church of England, and allow any See also:

• BURIAL

burial service, provided it be See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian, in See also:

• MORTUARY (Med. Lat. mortuarium, from mortuus, dead)

mortuary chapels .

At the present day Nonconformists, chiefly Wesleyan Methodists, probably outnumber Churchmen, and there is a small number of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics and Presbyterians . The bishop, who has a seat, but not a See also:

• VOTE

vote, in the House of Lords, is assisted by an archdeacon, a vicar-general, a registrar and a See also:

• SUMNER, CHARLES (1811--1874)
• SUMNER, CHARLES RICHARD (1790-1874)
• SUMNER, EDWIN VOSE (1797-1863)
• SUMNER, JOHN BIRD (1780-1862)
• SUMNER, WILLIAM GRAHAM (1840-1910)

Sumner-general . The jurisdiction of the only remaining ecclesiastical court, which is presided over by the vicar-general, as representing the bishop, is mainly in connexion with See also:

• AFFILIATION (from Lat. ad filiare, to adopt as a son)

affiliation questions, the See also:

• SWEARING (O. Eng. swerian, to swear, originally to speak aloud, cf. andswerian, to answer, Ger. schworen, Dan. svaerge, &c., all from root sorer-, to make a sound, cf. " swarm," properly the buzzing of bees, Lat. susurrus)

swearing-in of churchwardens and the granting of faculties . The power of the Manx See also:

• CONVOCATION
• CONVOCATION (Lat. convocatio, a calling together)

Convocation to make canons, though not exercised since 1704, has never been abrogated, and so far affords a token that the Manx Church is a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• NATIONAL

national Church governed by its own laws, which, however, must be approved by the insular Legislature . Education.—It was not till 1872, when the insular Legislature passed the Public Elementary Education Act, that the Manx See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State undertook any direct responsibility for education . This act differed from the English Act of 1870 in three important particulars: (r) it at once constituted every town and parish a school district under a school board; (2) the attendance of See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children was made compulsory; and (3) every elementary school, those in connexion with the Church of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome excepted, was obliged to provide for non-sectarian instruction in religious subjects, and for the See also:

• READING

reading of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible accompanied by suitable explanation . Since the date of this act education has made extraordinary strides . It became See also:

• FREE

free in 1892, and a higher-grade school was established in Douglas in 1894 . The public elementary See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, which are nearly all managed by School Boards, are subject to the control of a local " Council of Education " appointed by the Tynwald Court; but, as the Manx Act of 1872 re-quires that, in order to obtain a government grant, the schools shall fulfil the conditions contained in the minutes of the education department at See also:

• WHITEHALL

Whitehall, they are examined by English inspectors and compelled to attain the same See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of efficiency as the English and Welsh schools . In 1907 an act establishing a system of secondary education was passed by the Legislature . The total number of public elementary schools in 1906 was 47, 42 being board and 5 denominational . Besides See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William's See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, opened in 1833, which provided a similar education to that obtainable at the English public schools, there are See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar schools in Douglas, Ramsey and Castletown .

The Manx See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language (see See also:

• CELT
• CELT, or KELT

CELT : Language) still lingers, the See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census of 1901 showing that there were about 4400 people who understood something of it . There is now no one who does not speak English . See also:

• ECONOMICS

Economics.—Municipal government was established in 1860, and in 1876 See also:

• VACCINATION (from Lat. vacca, a cow)

vaccination was made compulsory, as also was the See also:

• REGISTRATION

registration of births, marriages and deaths in 1878 . It was not till 1884 that the sanitation of the towns was seriously taken in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand; but ten years more elapsed before the sanitary condition of the island was dealt with by the passing of an act which constituted parish and See also:

• VILLAGE

village districts, with commissioners elected by the people, who had, in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with a board elected by the Tynwald Court and an inspector appointed by it, to attend to all questions relating to sanitation and infectious diseases . As a result of these See also:

• MEASURES

measures the death-rate has been greatly reduced . In 1888 a permissive poor law was established; it has been adopted by all the towns except Peel and by seven of the seventeen country parishes . Before this date the poor had been dependent on voluntary See also:

• RELIEF

relief, which See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke down owing to the growth of a temporarily employed class occupied in administering to the wants of the summer visitors . The total number of persons in See also:

• RECEIPT (M.E. receite, derived through Fr. from Lat. recepta, participle of recipere, to receive)

receipt of poor relief averages about 920, and that of lunatics about 212 . The average number of births during the five years 1902–1906 was 21.6, of marriages 6.1, and of deaths 17.6 per thousand . The rateable annual value of the parishes, towns and villages is about £400,000 . The revenue for the year ending the 31st of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1907 was £86,365, and the expenditure f75,728 . Thelargest revenue raised was £91,193 in 1901, and the debt reached its maximum amount, £219,531, in 1894 .

History.—The history of the Isle of Man falls naturally intothree periods . In the first of these the island was inhabited by a Celtic people . The next is marked by the See also:

• VIKING

Viking invasions and the establishment of Scandinavian rule . The third period is that of the English dominion . The See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular history of the Isle of Man during the Celtic period is an See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• BLANK (from the Fr. blanc, white)

blank, there being no trustworthy See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of any event whatever before the incursions of the Northmen, since the exploits attributed to Baetan MacCairill, king of See also:

• ULSTER
• ULSTER, EARLS OF

Ulster, at the end of the 6th century, which were formally supposed to have been performed in the Isle of Man, really occurred in the country between the Firths of See also:

• CLYDE (Welsh, Clwyd, " far heard," " strong," the Glotta of Tacitus)
• CLYDE, COLIN CAMPBELL, BARON (1792-1863)

Clyde and Forth . And it is clear that, even if the supposed See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of the Menavian islands—Man and See also:

• ANGLESEY, ARTHUR ANNESLEY
• ANGLESEY, HENRY WILLIAM PAGET
• ANGLESEY, or ANGLESEA

Anglesey—by See also:

• EDWIN, AEDUINI
• EDWIN, JOHN (1749–1790)

Edwin of See also:

• NORTHUMBRIA (regnum Northanhymbrorum)

Northumbria, in 616, did take place, it could not have led to any permanent results; for, when the English were driven from the coasts of See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland and See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire soon afterwards, they could not well have retained their hold on the island to the west of these coasts . It is, however, possible that in 684, when Ecfrid laid Ireland See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste from Dublin to See also:

• DROGHEDA

Drogheda, he temporarily occupied Man . During the period of Scandinavian domination there are two main epochs—one before the conquest of Man by Godred Crovan in 1079, and the other after it . The earlier See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch is characterized by warfare and unsettled rule, the later is comparatively peaceful . Between about A.D . 800 and 815 the Vikings came to Man chiefly for See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder; between about 85o and 990, when they settled in it, the island See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under the rule of the Scandinavian See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of Dublin; and between 990 and 1079, it was subject to the powerful earls of See also:

• ORKNEY, EARL OF
• ORKNEY, ELIZABETH HAMILTON, COUNTESS OF
• ORKNEY, GEORGE HAMILTON, EARL OF (1666–1737)

Orkney . The conqueror Godred Crovan was evidently a remarkable man, though little See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information about him is attain-able .

According to the Chronicon Manniae he " subdued Dublin, and a great part of See also:

• LEINSTER

Leinster, and held the Scots in such subjection that no one who built a See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel dared to insert more than three bolts." The memory of such a ruler would be likely to survive in tradition, and it seems probable therefore that he is the person commemorated in Manx See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend under the name of King Gorse or Orry . The islands which were under his rule were called the Suer-eyjar (Sudreys or the south isles, in contra-distinction to the nor5r-eyjar, or the north isles, i.e. the Orkneys and Shetlands, and they consisted of the See also:

• HEBRIDES, THE, or WESTERN ISLES

Hebrides, and of all the smaller western islands of Scotland, with Man . At a later date his sucgessors took the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Rex Manniae at Insularum . See also:

• OLAF
• OLAF (II.)
• OLAF, or ANLAF (d. 981)

Olaf, Godred's son, was a powerful monarch, who, according to the See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle, maintained " such close See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with the kings of Ireland and Scotland that no one ventured to disturb the Isles during his time " (1113-1152) . His son, Godred, who for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short period ruled over Dublin also, as a result of a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with Somerled, the ruler of See also:

• ARGYLL, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Argyll, in 1156, lost the smaller islands off the coast of Argyll . An See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty was thus interposed between the two divisions of his kingdom . Early in the 13th century, when Reginald of Man did See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage to King John, we hear for the first time of English intervention in the affairs of Man . But it was into the hands of Scotland that the islands were ultimately to fall . During the whole of the Scandinavian period the isles were nominally under the See also:

• SUZERAINTY

suzerainty of the kings of See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, but they only occasionally asserted it with any vigour . The first to do so was Harold Haarfager about 885, then came See also:

• MAGNUS, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802-1870)

Magnus Barfod about 11oo, both of whom conquered the isles . From the middle of the 12th century till 1217 the suzerainty, owing to the fact that Norway was a See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey to See also:

• CIVIL

civil dissensions, had been of a very shadowy See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . But after that date it became a reality and Norway consequently came into collision with the growing power of Scotland .

Finally, in 1261, See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander III. of Scotland sent envoys to Norway to negotiate for the cession of the isles, but their efforts led to no result . He therefore initiated hostilities which terminated in the complete defeat of the See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian See also:

• FLEET

fleet at See also:

• LARGS

Largs in 1263 . Magnus, king of Man and the Isles, who had fought on the Norwegian See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, was compelled to surrender all the islands over which he had ruled, except Man, for which he did homage . Two years later Magnus died and in 1266 the king of Norway, in See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of the sum of 4000 marks, ceded the islands, including Man, to Scotland . But Scotland's rule over Man was not firmly established till 1275, when the Manx were defeated in a decisive See also:

• BATTLE

battle at Ronaldsway, near Castletown . In 1290 we find See also:

• EDWARD

Edward I. of England in possession of Man, and it remained in English hands till 1313, when it was taken by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• BRUCE
• BRUCE, ALEXANDER BALMAIN (1831-1899)
• BRUCE, JAMES (1930-1794)
• BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767)

Bruce after besieging Castle Rushen for five See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks . Then, till 1346, when the battle of See also:

• NEVILLE, GEORGE (c. 1432-1476)
• NEVILLE, or NEVILL
• NEVILLE, RALPH (d. 1244)

Neville's See also:

• CROSS

Cross decided the long struggle between England and Scotland in England's favour, there followed a confused period when Man was sometimes under English and sometimes under Scottish rule . About 1333 it had been granted by King Edward III. to William de Montacute, 1st See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury, as his absolute possession, without reserving any service to be rendered to him . In 1392 his son sold the island " with the See also:

• CROWNE, JOHN (d. c. 1703)

crowne " to See also:

• SIR

Sir William Le Scroope . In 1399 Henry IV. caused Le Scroope, who had taken See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard's side, to be beheaded . The island then came into the possession of the crown and was granted to Henry de See also:

• PERCY (FAMILY)
• PERCY, SIR HENRY
• PERCY, THOMAS (1729-1811)
• PERCY, THOMAS (c. 156o-16os)

Percy, earl of See also:

• NORTHUMBERLAND
• NORTHUMBERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN DUDLEY, VISCOUNT LISLE, EARL OF WARWICK
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN NEVILLE, EARL OF (c. 1430-1471)

Northumberland, but, he having been attainted, Henry IV., in 1406, made a grant of it, with the patron-age of the bishopric, to Sir John See also:

• STANLEY (FAMILY)
• STANLEY, ARTHUR PENRHYN (18x5–1881)
• STANLEY, EDWARD (1779-1849)
• STANLEY, SIR HENRY MORTON (184o-1904)
• STANLEY, SIR WILLIAM (1548-163o)
• STANLEY, THOMAS (1625-1678)

Stanley, his heirs and assigns, on the service of rendering two falcons on paying homage and two falcons to all future kings of England on their See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation . With the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of the Stanleys to the See also:

• THRONE

throne there begins a better epoch in Manx history .

Though the island's new rulers rarely visited its shores they placed it under responsible See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors, who, in the main, seem to have treated it with justice . Of the thirteen members of the See also:

• FAMILY

family who ruled in Man, the second Sir John Stanley (1414–1432), See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James, the 7th earl (1627–1651), and the loth earl of the same name (1702–1736) had the most important influence on it . The first curbed the power of the spiritual barons, introduced trial by jury, instead of trial by battle, and ordered the laws to be written . The second, known as the Great Stanley, and his wife, See also:

• CHARLOTTE

Charlotte de la Tremoille (or Tremouille), are probably the most striking figures in Manx history . In 1643 See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles I. ordered him to go to Man, where the people, who were no doubt influenced by what was taking place in England, threatened to revolt . But his arrival, with English soldiers, soon put a stop to anything of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind . He conciliated the people by his affability, brought in Englishmen to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach various handicrafts and tried to help the farmers by improving the breed of Manx horses, and, at the same time, he restricted the exactions of the Church . But the Manx people never had less See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty than under his rule . They were heavily taxed; troops were quartered upon them; and they also had the more lasting grievance of being compelled to accept leases for three lives instead of holding their land by the " See also:

• STRAW

straw " tenure which they considered to be See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to a customary See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance . Six months after the death of the king Stanley received a See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons from General See also:

• IRETON, HENRY (161I–1651)

Ireton to surrender the island, which he haughtily declined . In August 1651 he went to England with some of his troops, among whom were 300 Manx-men, to join King Charles II., and he and they shared in the decisive defeat of the Royalists at See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester . He was captured and confined in See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester Castle, and, after being tried by court See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial, was executed at See also:

• WIGAN

Wigan .

Soon after his death the Manx See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

Militia, under the command of William Christian, See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose against the Countess and captured all the insular forts except Rushen and Peel . They were then joined by a See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary force under See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel Duckenfield, to whom the Countess surrendered after a '.brief resistance . See also:

• FAIRFAX, EDWARD (c. 1580-1635)

Fairfax had been appointed "Lord of Man and the Isles " in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, so that Man continued under a monarchical government and remained in the same relation to England as before . The restoration of Stanley government in 166o therefore caused as little See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction and alteration as its temporary cessation had . One, of the first acts of the new lord, Charles (the 8th earl), was to order Christian to be tried . He was found guilty and executed . Of the other persons implicated in the See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion only three were excepted from the general See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty . But by order in Council they were pardoned, and the judges responsible for the See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence on Christian were punished . His next act was to dispute the permanency of the tenants' holdings, which they had not at first regarded as being affected by the See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of leases, aproceeding which led to an almost open rebellion against his authority and to the neglect of agriculture . In lieu of it the people devoted themselves to the See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries and to See also:

• CONTRABAND (Fr. contrebande, from contra, against, and bannum, Low Lat. for " proclamation ")

contraband See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . The agrarian question was not settled till 1;04, when James, Charles's brother and successor, largely through the influence of Bishop Wilson, entered into a compact with his tenants, which was embodied in an act, called the " Act of See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

Settlement." Their compact secured the tenants in the possession of their estates in See also:

• PERPETUITY (Lat. perpetuus, continuous)

perpetuity on condition of a fixed rent, and 'a small See also:

• FINE

fine on See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession or See also:

• ALIENATION (from Lat. alienus, belonging to another)

alienation . From the great importance of this act to the Manx people it has been called their Magna Carta .

As time went on, and the value of the estates increased, the rent payable to the lord became so small in proportion as to be almost nominal . James died in 1736 and the sovereignty of the isle passed to James See also:

• MURRAY
• MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
• MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
• MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
• MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
• MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
• MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
• MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
• MURRAY, JOHN
• MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
• MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
• MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
• MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
• MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )

Murray, 2nd See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• ATHOLL, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• ATHOLL, or ATHOLE

Atholl . In 1764 he was succeeded by his only surviving See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child Charlotte, Baroness See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

Strange, and her husband, John Murray, who, in right of his wife, became Lord of Man . About 1720 the contraband trade greatly increased . In 1726 it was, for a time, somewhat checked by the interposition of parliament, but during the last ten years of the Atholl regime (1756-1765) it assumed such proportions that, in the interests of the imperial revenue, it became necessary to suppress it . With a view to so doing an Act of Parliament, called the "Revesting Act," was passed in 1765, under which the sovereign rights of the Atholls and the customs revenues of the island were purchased for the sum of £70,000, and an See also:

• ANNUITY (from Lat. annus, a year)

annuity of £2000 was granted to the duke and duchess . The Atholls still retained their manorial rights, the patronage of the See, and certain other perquisites, which were finally purchased for the excessive sum of £417,144 in 1828 . Up to the time of the Revestment the Tynwald Court passed laws concerning the government of the island in all respects and had control over its finances, subject to the approval of the lord . After the Revestment, or rather after the passage of the " See also:

• MISCHIEF

Mischief Act " in the same year, Imperial Parliament legislated with respect to customs, harbours and See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping, and, in measures of a general character, it occasionally inserted clauses by which penalties in contravention of the acts of which they formed part might be enforced in the island . It also assumed the control of the insular customs duties . Such were the changes which, rather than the transference of the sovereignty from the lord to the king of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and Ireland, modified the Constitution of the Isle of Man . Its ancient laws and tenures were not interfered with, but in many ways the Revestment adversely affected it .

The hereditary lords were far from being See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model rulers, but most of them had taken some personal share in its government, and had interested themselves in the well-being of its inhabitants . But now the whole direction of its affairs was handed over to officials, who regarded the Island as a pestilent See also:

• NEST

nest of smugglers, from which it was their See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty to See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract as much revenue as possible . Some alleviation of this state of things was experienced between 1793 and 1826 when the 4th duke of Atholl was appointed governor, since, though he quarrelled with the Keys and was unduly solicitous for his pecuniary interests, he did occasionally exert himself to promote the welfare of the island . After his departure the English officials resumed their sway . But they were more considerate than before . Moreover, since See also:

• SMUGGLING

smuggling, which had only been checked, not suppressed, by the Revesting Act, had by that time almost disappeared, and the Manx revenue was producing a large and increasing surplus, the Isle of Man came to be regarded more favourably, and, thanks to this fact and to the representations of the Manx people to English ministers in 1837, 1844 and 1853, it obtained a somewhat less stringent customs See also:

• TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

tariff and an occasional See also:

• DOLE
• DOLE (from Old Eng. dal, cf. mod. " deal ")

dole towards erecting its much neglected public works . Since 1866, when the Isle of Man obtained a measure of at least nominal " See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

Home Rule," the Manx people have made remarkable progress, and at the present day form a prosperous community . Monuments.—The prehistoric monuments in Man are numerous . There are See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth entrenchments, seemingly of the earliest period; fragments of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone circles and alignments; burial See also:

• CAIRNS
• CAIRNS, HUGH MC CALMONT CAIRNS, 1ST EARL (1819-1885)
• CAIRNS, JOHN (1818–1892)

cairns with stone cists of several successive periods; See also:

• URN (Lat. urna, either from root of urere, to burn, being made of burnt clay, or connected with urceus, Gr. I5pxa, jar)

urn mounds and crannoges or See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake dwellings . The monuments belonging to the historic period begin with the round See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower on Peel islet, the humble Celtic keeills and the sculptured crosses in which the island is especially See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich . Of these crosses about one-fourth have See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions in the old Norse language . The origin and history of the early buildings remaining on the island are obscure .

The castles of Rushen and Peel are the only important buildings of a military character which survive, but the remains of ecclesiastical buildings are numerous and interesting, though, with the exception of St German's Cathedral on Peel islet, now in ruins, they are only small and See also:

• SIMPLE

simple structures . Arms.—There has been much controversy about the origin of the arms of the island—the " three-legs " found on a beautiful See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar cross near Maughhold See also:

• CHURCHYARD
• CHURCHYARD, THOMAS (c. 152o-16o4)

churchyard belonging to the latter part of the 14th century . It was probably originally a See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol and was brought from See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily by the Vikings . The See also:

• MOTTO (an Italian word, from Late Lat. muttum, a low sound, a mutter or murmur, cf. mutere, to mutter; the Latin word also gives Fr. mot, word)

motto quocunque jeceris stab it is of comparatively See also:

• RECENT

recent origin . See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall See also:

• CAINE, THOMAS HENRY HALL (1853— )

Caine's novels, The Deemster, The Manxman, &c., have no doubt tended to popularize the island . The most truthful description of the social life of the people is to be found in a novel entitled The See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain of the Parish, by John Quine . Bibliotheca Monensis (Manx Society, vol. See also:

• XXIV

xxiv.) contains a good See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of See also:

• MSS

MSS. and books relating to the island up to 1876, and A . W . See also:

• MOORE, A
• MOORE, ALBERT JOSEPH (1841–1893)
• MOORE, EDWARD (1712–1757)
• MOORE, GEORGE (1853– )
• MOORE, GEORGE FOOT (1851– )
• MOORE, HENRY (1831–1895)
• MOORE, JOHN (1729-1802)
• MOORE, SIR JOHN (1761-1809)
• MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852)

Moore's History of the Isle of Man has a list of the most important MSS. and books up to 1900 . (A . W . M.)of guiding or leading, from mener, to lead, seems also to have influenced the meaning .