See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

MAP (or MAPES), See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)  , See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval ecclesiastic, author and wit, to whose authority the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• BODY

body of See also:

• PROSE

prose Arthurian literature has, at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time or another, been assigned, flourished in the latter See also:

• PART

part of the 12th and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years of the 13th centuries . Concerning the date of his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth and his See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent-See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age nothing definite is known, but as he ascribes his position at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court to the merits of his parents they were probably See also:

• PEOPLE

people of some importance . He studied at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris under See also:

• GIRARD, JEAN BAPTISTE [known as " Le Pere Girard " or" Le Pere Gregoire "] (1765-185o)
• GIRARD, PHILIPPE HENRI DE (1775-1845)
• GIRARD, STEPHEN (1750-1831)

Girard la Pucelle, who began to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach in or about 116o, but as he states in his See also:

• BOOK

book De nugis curialium that he was at the court of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II. before 1162, his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence at Paris must have been practically comprised in the See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade 1150-116o . See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

Map's career was an active and varied one; he was clerk of the royal See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household and See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice itinerant; in 1179 he was See also:

• PRESENT

present at the Lateran See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, on his way thither being entertained by the See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

Champagne; at this time he apparently held a See also:

• PLURALITY (0. Fr. pluralitd, Late Lat. pluralitas, plural number)

plurality of ecclesiastical benefices, being a prebend of St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's, See also:

• CANON

canon and See also:

• PRECENTOR (Late Lat. praecentor, from praecipere, to sing before, lead in singing)

precentor of See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln and See also:

• PARSON

parson of See also:

• WESTBURY
• WESTBURY, RICHARD BETHELL, 1ST BARON (1800-1873)

Westbury, See also:

• GLOUCESTERSHIRE

Gloucestershire . There seems to be no See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of his ordination, but as he was a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for the see of See also:

• HEREFORD

Hereford in 1199 it is most probable that he was in See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest's orders . The last reference to him, as living, is in 1208, when an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order for See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment to him is on record, but Giraldus Cambrensis, in the second edition of his Hibernica, redacted in 1210, utters a See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer for his soul, " cujus animae propitietur See also:

• DEUS
• DEUS, JOAO DE (1830-1896)

Deus," a See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that he was no longer alive . The See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• INTEREST

interest of Map lies in the perplexing question of his relation to the Arthurian See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend and literature . He is in-variably cited as the author of the See also:

• LANCELOT (Lancelot du Lac, or Lancelot of the Lake)

Lancelot proper (consisting of two parts), the Queste and the Mort Artus, all three of which are now generally found in one See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Lancelot . The Mort Artus, however, we know to be the prose working over of an earlier and See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent poem . Sundry See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts of the yet more extensive compilation which begins with the See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Graal also refer to Map as having composed the See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert de Borron, to whom, as a See also:

• RULE

rule, the Grand Saint Graal and See also:

• MERLIN, ANTOINE CHRISTOPHE (1762-1833)
• MERLIN, PHILIPPE ANTOINE, COUNT (1754-1838)

Merlin are exclusively assigned . The curious Merlin See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text, Bibl . Nat .

337 (fonds See also:

• FRANCAIS, ANTOINE, COUNT (1756-1836)

Francais), refers throughout to Map as authority; and the enormous Lancelot codex, B . N . 112, a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of the Lancelot and the See also:

• TRISTAN
• TRISTAN, or TRISTRAM

Tristan, also couples his name with that of Robert de Borron . In fact it may safely be said that, with the exception of the prose Tristan, always attributed either to Luces de Gast, or Helie de Borron, the authority of Map has been invoked for the entire v4st See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of Arthurian prose romantic literature . Now it is practically impossible that one See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, and that one an occupier of court and public offices, constantly employed in royal and public business, very frequently travelling abroad (e.g. we know he was at See also:

• LIMOGES

Limoges in 1173; at Rome in 1179; in See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou in 1183; and at See also:

• ANGERS

Angers in 1199), could have found the necessary leisure . On this point we have the testimony of his one undoubted See also:

• WORK

work, De nugis curialium, which he tells us he composed " by snatches " during his residence at court . De nugis is a comparatively small book; if it were difficult to find leisure for that, much more would it have been difficult to find the time requisite for the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of one only of the many See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-winded romances which have been fathered on Map . Giraldus Cambrensis, with whom he was on most friendly terms, and who frequently refers to and quotes him, records a speech in which Map contrasted Giraldus' labours with his own, apparently to the disadvantage of the latter, " vos scripta dedistis, et nos verba —a phrase which has been interpreted as meaning that Map himself had produced no See also:

• LITERARY

literary work . But inasmuch as the De nugis is undoubtedly, and certain satirical poems directed against the loose See also:

• LIFE

life of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day most probably, his work, the speech must not be taken too literally . It seems difficult also to believe that Map's name should be so constantly connected with our Arthurian tradition without any ground whatever; though it must be admitted that he himself never makes any such claim—the references in the romances are all couched in the third See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, and See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear no sign of being other than the record by the copyist of a traditional attribution . A different and very interesting piece of See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence is afforded by the Ipomedon of See also:

• HUE

Hue de Rotelande; in See also:

• RELATING

relating how his See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero appeared at a See also:

• TOURNAMENT, or TOURNEY (Fr. tournement, tournoi, Med. Lat. torneamentum, from tourner, to turn)

tournament three days See also:

• RUNNING

running, in three different suits of See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour, red, See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, the author remarks, Sul ne sai pas de mentir l'See also:

• ART

art See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter Map reset See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

ben sa part . This apparently indicated that Map, also, had made himself responsible for a similar See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story .

Now this incident of the " Three Days' Tournament " is found alike in the prose Lancelot and in the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Lanzelet, this latter translated from a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French poem which, in 1194, was in the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo de Morville . The Ipomedon was written somewhere in the decade 118o-119o, and there is no evidence of the prose See also:

• ROMANCE

romance having then been in existence . We have no manuscript of any prose Arthurian romance earlier than the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, to which See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period Gaston Paris assigned them; they are certainly posterior to the See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse romances . Chretien de See also:

• TROYES

Troyes, in his Cliges (the date of which falls somewhere in the decade 116o-117o), knew and utilized the story of the " Three Days' Tournament," and moreover makes Lancelot take part in it . Map was, as we have seen, frequently in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France; Chretien had for patroness See also:

• MARIE

Marie, countess of Champagne, step-daughter to Henry II., Map's See also:

• PATRON

patron; Map's position was distinctly See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to that of Chretien . Taking all the evidence into See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration it seems more probable that Map had, at a comparatively early date, before he became so important an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official, composed a poem on the subject of Lancelot, which was the See also:

• DIRECT

direct source of the German version, and which Chretien also knew and followed . The See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in which certain of the references to him are couched favours the above view; the compiler of Guiron le Cortois says in his See also:

• PROLOGUE (from Gr. 7rpo, before, and Myer, a word)

prologue that " See also:

• MAISTRE, JOSEPH DE (1754-1821)
• MAISTRE, XAVIER DE (1763-1852)

maistre See also:

• GAUTIER
• GAUTIER, EMILE THEODORE LEON (1832-1897)
• GAUTIER, THEOPHILE (1811-1872)

Gautier Map qui fu clers au roi Henrydecisa cil l'estoire de monseigneur Lancelot du See also:

• LAC

Lac, que d'autre See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose ne parla it mie gramment en son livre "; and in another See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place he refers to Map, " qui See also:

• FIT

fit See also:

• LOU

lou See also:

• PRO

pro pre livre de monsoingnour Lancelot dou Lac." Now only during the early part of his career could Map fairly be referred to as See also:

• SIMPLE

simple " clers au roi Henry," and both extracts emphasize the fact that his work dealt, almost exclusively, with Lancelot . Neither of these passages would fit the prose romance, as we know it, but both might well suit the lost French source of the Lanzelet; where we are in a position to compare the German versions of French romances with their originals we find, as a rule, that the translators have followed their source faithfully . One of the references to Map's See also:

• WORKS

works in the Merlin manuscript above referred to (B.N . 337) has an interesting See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch not found else-where . After saying how Map translated the romance from the Latin at the bidding of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Henry, the usual statement, the See also:

• SCRIBE, AUGUSTIN EUGENE (1791-1860, French dramatist, was born in Paris on the 24th of December 1791. His father was a silk merchant, and he was well educated, being destined for the bar. But, having a real gift for the theatre, a gift which unfortunately

scribe adds " qui riche loier l'en See also:

• BONA (BONE)
• BONA, JOHN (1609-1674)

Bona." It is of course possible that Map's rise at court may have been due to his having See also:

• HIT

hit the literary See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste of the monarch, who, we know, was interested in the Arthurian tradition, but it must be admitted that direct evidence on the subject is practically nil, and that in the present See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of our knowledge we can only advance possible hypotheses . See art .

" Map " in See also:

• DIET

Diet . Nat . Biog . De nugis curialium and the Latin .Poems attributed to Map have been edited for the See also:

• CAMDEN
• CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, 1ST EARL (1714-1794)
• CAMDEN, JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, 2ND EARL
• CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623)

Camden Society by T . See also:

• WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909)
• WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875)
• WRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797)
• WRIGHT, SILAS (1795-1847)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1809–1884)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810—1877)
• WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS (1836– )

Wright (1841) . For discussion of his authorship of the Lancelot cf . The Three Days' Tournament, See also:

• GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, I
• GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863)
• GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

Grimm Library XV . See also under LANCELOT . The passages relating to Map cited above have been frequently quoted by scholars, e.g . Hucher, Le Grand Saint Graal; Paulin Paris, See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans de la Table Ronde; See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred Nutt, Studies in the Legend of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• GRAIL (formerly KAREL)
• GRAIL, THE HOLY

Grail . (J . L .