See also:

• MARANHAO, or MARANHAM (Span. Maranon, the name given to the upper Amazon)

MARANHAO, or MARANHAM (Span. Maranon, the name given to the upper See also:

• AMAZON

Amazon)  , a See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil, bounded N. by the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic, E. and S.E. by See also:

• PIAUHY, or PIAUHI

Piauhy, S.W. and W. by See also:

• GOYAZ

Goyaz and See also:

• PARA
• PARA (officially BELEM; sometimes BELEM DO PARA)

Para . See also:

• AREA

Area, 177,569 sq. m.; pop . (189o), 430,854; (1900), 499,308 . The coastal See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone and the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west corner of the state belong to the See also:

• AMAZON

Amazon valley region, being a heavily forested See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain traversed by numerous See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers . The eastern and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern parts, however, belong to the See also:

• LOWER

lower terraces of the See also:

• GREAT

great Brazilian See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, broken by eroded See also:

• RIVER

river-courses between which are high open plains . There are no true See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain ranges in See also:

• MARANHAO, or MARANHAM (Span. Maranon, the name given to the upper Amazon)

Maranhao, those indicated on the maps being only plateau escarpments marking either its northern margin or the outlines of river valleys . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is hot, and the See also:

• YEAR

year is divided into a wet and dry See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, extreme humidity being characteristic of the former . The See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, however, is greatly modified on the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast by the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade winds, and the climate is generally considered healthy, though beri-beri and eruptive diseases are See also:

• COMMON

common on the coast . The coast itself is broken and dangerous, there being many small indentations, which are usually masked by islands or shoals . The largest of these are the See also:

• BAY

Bay of Turyassi , facing which is the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Sao Joao, and several others of small See also:

• SIZE

size, and the contiguous bays of Sao Marcos and Sao Jose, between which is the large island of Maranhao . The rivers of the- state all flow northward to the Atlantic and a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of them have navigable channels . The See also:

• PARNAHYBA, or PARNAHIBA

Parnahyba forms the eastern boundary of Maranhao, but it has one large tributary, the Balsas, entirely within the state .

A See also:

• PART

part of the western boundary is formed by the Tocantins, and another part by the Gurupy, which separates the state from Para . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal rivers of the state are the Maracassume and Tury-assi, the Mearim and its larger tributaries (the Pindare, Grajahil, See also:

• FLORES

Flores and Corda) which See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge into the Bay of Sao Marcos, and the Itapicuru and Monim which discharge into the Bay of Sao Jose . Like the Amazon, the Mearim has a pororoca or See also:

• BORE

bore in its lower channel, which greatly interferes with See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation . There are a number of small lakes in the state, some of which are, apparently, merely reservoirs for the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual floods of the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy season . The principal See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of Maranhao are agricultural, the river valleys and coastal zone being highly fertile and being devoted to the cultivation of See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• CANE

cane, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, mandioca and a great variety of fruits . The southern See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands, however, are devoted to stock-raising, which was once an important See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . Troublesome See also:

• INSECTS

insects, See also:

• VAMPIRE

vampire bats, and the failure to introduce new See also:

• BLOOD

blood into the degenerated herds, are responsible for its decline . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture has also greatly declined, the state producing for export only a comparatively small quantity of cotton, rice, sugar and aguardiente . Besides Sao Luiz, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the state, the principal towns, with the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of their municipal districts in 189o, are: Caxias (19,443), See also:

• ALCANTARA

Alcantara (4730), Carolina (7266), Grajahil (11,704), Tury-assil (8983) and Viana (9965) . The coast of Maranhao was first discovered by See also:

• PINZON

Pinzon in 1500, but it was included in the Portuguese See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of captaincies in 1534 . The first See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement, however, was made by a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French trading expedition under Jacques Riffault, of See also:

• DIEPPE

Dieppe, in 1594, who lost two of his three vessels in the vicinity of the island of Maranhao, and See also:

• LEFT

left a part of his men on that island when he returned See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . Subsequently See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel de la Rivardiere was sent to See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report on the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, and was then commissioned by the French See also:

• CROWN

crown to found a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony on the island; this was done in 1612 .

The French were expelled by the Portuguese in 1615, and the Dutch held the island from 1641 to 1644 . In 1621 See also:

• CEARA

Ceara, Maranhao and Para were See also:

• UNITED

united and called the Estado do Maranhao," which was made See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of the southern captaincies . Ceara was subsequently detached, but the " state " of Maranhao remained independent until 1794, when it again became subject to the colonial See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of Brazil . Maranhao did not join in the See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of 1822, but in the following year the Portuguese were driven out by See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Cochrane and the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province became a part of the new See also:

• EMPIRE

empire of Brazil .