See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

MARBLE (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone)  , a See also:

• TERM

term applied to any See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone or See also:

• DOLOMITE

dolomite which is sufficiently See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close in texture to admit of being polished . Many other ornamental stones—such as See also:

• SERPENTINE

serpentine, See also:

• ALABASTER
• ALABASTER, or ARBLASTIER, WILLIAM (1567-1640)

alabaster and even See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite—are sometimes loosely designated See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, but by accurate writers the term is invariably restricted to those crystalline and compact varieties of carbonate of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime (occasionally with carbonate of See also:

• MAGNESIA

magnesia) which, when polished, are applicable to purposes of decoration . The crystalline structure is typically shown in statuary marble . A fractured See also:

• SURFACE

surface of this See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone displays a multitude of sparkling facets, which are the See also:

• RHOMBOHEDRAL

rhombohedral cleavage-planes of the component grains . The beautiful lustre of polished statuary marble is due to the See also:

• LIGHT

light penetrating for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance into the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock and then suffering reflection at the surfaces of the deeper-lying crystals . The durability of marble in a dry See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere or when protected from See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain renders it a valuable See also:

• BUILDING

building stone (q.v.); on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, when exposed to the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather or the See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid atmosphere of large cities, its surface readily crumbles . first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place may be assigned to the famous Pentelic marble, the material in which See also:

• PHEIDIAS

Pheidias, See also:

• PRAXITELES

Praxiteles, and other See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek sculptors executed their See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• WORKS

works . The characteristics of this stone are well seen in the See also:

• ELGIN

Elgin See also:

• MARBLES

marbles, which were removed from the See also:

• PARTHENON (HapOevwv)

Parthenon at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, and are now at the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum . The marble was derived from the quarries of See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• PENTELICUS (Bpr.Anvvbs, or Ilevee LKOv opoc from the deme HEveiXn; mod. Mendeli)

Pentelicus in See also:

• ATTICA

Attica . Several large buildings have recently been constructed with this marble in See also:

• LONDON

London . The neighbouring See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain of See also:

• HYMETTUS (Ital. Monte Matto, hence the modern name Trello Vouni)

Hymettus likewise yielded marbles, but these were neither so pure in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour nor so See also:

• FINE

fine in texture as those of Pentelicus . Parian marble, another stone much used by Greek sculptors and architects, was quarried in the isle of See also:

• PAROS, or PARO

Paros, chiefly at Mount Marpessa .

It is called by See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient writers lychnites (from the Gr . X5Xvos, a See also:

• LAMP (from Gr. Xag ras, a torch, Xaµaav, to shine)

lamp) in allusion to the fact that the quarries were worked by the light of lamps . The See also:

• VENUS

Venus de' See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici is a notable example of See also:

• WORK

work in this material . See also:

• CARRARA
• CARRARA, or CARRARESI

Carrara marble is better known than any of the Greek marbles, inasmuch as it constitutes the stone invariably employed by the best sculptors of the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . This marble occurs abundantly in the Apuan See also:

• ALPS

Alps, an offshoot of the See also:

• APENNINES (Gr. 'A1T- vvLvos, Lat. Appenninus—in both cases used in the singular)

Apennines, and is largely worked in the neighbourhood of Carrara, See also:

• MASSA

Massa and Serravezza . Stone from this See also:

• DISTRICT

district was employed in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome for architectural purposes in the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, but the finer varieties, adapted to the needs of the sculptor, were not discovered until some time later . It is in Carrara marble that the finest works of See also:

• MICHELANGELO (MICHELAGNIOLO BUONARROTI) (1475-1564)

Michelangelo and of See also:

• CANOVA, ANTONIO (1757-1822)

Canova are executed . The purest varieties of this stone are of See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white colour and of fine saccharoidal texture . See also:

• SILICA

Silica is disseminated through some of the marble, becoming a source of annoyance to the workman; while occasionally it separates as beautifully pellucid crystals of See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz known as " Carrara diamonds." The See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of the marbles of the Apuan Alps has been a subject of much dispute, some geologists regarding them as metamorphosed Triassic, Liassic or See also:

• RHAETIC (Fr. Rhetien or Rhcetien; Ger. Rhdt or Rhktisch; It. Retico)

Rhaetic rocks . Much of the See also:

• COMMON

common marble is of a bluish colour, and therefore unfit for statuary purposes; when streaked with See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue and See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey See also:

• VEINS

veins the stone is known as bardiglio . Curiously enough, the common white marble of See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany comes to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England as Sicilian marble—a name probably due' to its having been formerly re-shipped from some See also:

• PORT

port in See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily . Although crystalline marbles See also:

• FIT

fit for statuary work are not found to any extent in See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, the limestones of the Palaeozoic formations yield a great variety of marbles well suited for architectural purposes .

- The Devonian rocks of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• DEVON, EARLS OF

Devon are See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in handsome marbles, presenting great diversity of tint and See also:

• PATTERN

pattern . See also:

• PLYMOUTH
• PLYMOUTH, EARLS OF

Plymouth, See also:

• TORQUAY

Torquay, Ipplepen, Babbacombe and Chudleigh may be named as the principal localities . Many of these limestones owe their beauty to the fossil See also:

• CORALS (KoRAis), ADAMANTIOS [in French, DIAMANT CORAY] (1748–1833)

corals which they contain, and are hence known as " madrepore marbles." Of far greater importance than the marbles of the Devonian See also:

• SYSTEM

system are those of Carboniferous age . It is from the Carboniferous or Mountain Limestone that British marbles are mainly derived . Marbles of this age are worked in See also:

• DERBYSHIRE

Derbyshire and See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, in the neighbourhood of See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol, in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, in the Isle of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man, and in various parts of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . One of the most beautiful of these stones is the " encrinital marble," a material which owes its peculiarities to the presence of numerous encrinites, or stone-lilies . These fossils, when cut in various directions, give a characteristic pattern to the stone . The See also:

• JOINTS

joints of the stems and arms are known from their shape as " See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel-stones," and the rock itself has been called " entrochal marble . The most beautiful varieties are those in which the calcareous fossils appear as white markings on a ground of grey limestone . In See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black marble with small sections of crinoid stems is known as See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

petit granit, while in Derbyshire a similar rock, crowded with fragments of See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute encrinites, is termed " See also:

• BIRD

bird's-See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye marble." Perhaps the most generally useful marbles yielded by the Carboniferous system are the black varieties, which are largely employed for See also:

• CHIMNEY (through the Fr. cheminee, from caminata, sc. camera, a Lat. derivative of caminus, an oven or furnace)

chimney-pieces, vases, and other ornamental See also:

• OBJECTS

objects . The colour of most black limestone is due to the presence of bituminous See also:

• MATTER

matter . Such limestone commonly emits a fetid odour when struck; and the colour, being of organic origin, is discharged on calcination .

Black marbles, more or less dense in colour, are quarried in various parts of Ireland, especially at See also:

• KILKENNY
• KILKENNY, STATUTE OF

Kilkenny and near See also:

• GALWAY

Galway, but the finest See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind is obtained from near See also:

• ASHFORD

Ashford in Derbyshire . From Ashford is also derived a very beautiful stone known as " See also:

• ROSEWOOD

rosewood marble." This is a dense See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown laminated limestone, displaying when polished a handsome pattern somewhat resembling the See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain of rosewood; it occurs in very limited quantity, and is used chiefly for inlaid work . The black marble of Frosterley, See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York-See also:

• SHIRE

shire, is another Carboniferous example which owes its " figure " or pattern to the presence of large corals . With the rosewood marble may be compared the well-known " landscape marble " or Cotham stone, an argillaceous limestone with See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar dendritic markings, due probably to the infiltration of See also:

• WATER

water containing See also:

• OXIDE

oxide of See also:

• MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

manganese . This limestone occurs in irregular masses near the See also:

• BASE

base of the White See also:

• LIAS

Lias, or upper-most See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the Rhaetic See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series . It is found principally in the neighbourhood of Bristol . The arborescent forms depicted in bluish-grey upon this landscape marble See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a marked contrast to the angular markings of warm brown colour which are seen on slabs of " ruin marble " from See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence—a stone occasionally known also as landscape stone, or pietra paesina . British limestones of Secondary and See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary age are not generally compact enough to be used as marbles, but some of the shelly beds are employed to a limited extent for decorative purposes . " Ammonite marble " is a dark brown limestone from the See also:

• LOWER

Lower Lias of See also:

• SOMERSETSHIRE

Somersetshire, crowded with See also:

• AMMONITES

ammonites, principally A. planicostata . Under the name of See also:

• FOREST

Forest marble, geologists recognize a See also:

• LOCAL

local division of the Lower Oolitic series, so named by W . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith from Wychwood Forest in See also:

• OXFORDSHIRE (or OxoN)

Oxfordshire, where shelly limestones occur; and these, though of little economic value, are capable of being used as rough marbles . But the most important marbles of the Secondary series are the shelly limestones of the Purbeck formation .

Purbeck marble was a favourite material with See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval architects, who used it freely for slender clustered columns and for sepulchral monuments . It consists of a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of the shells of a fresh-water See also:

• SNAIL

snail, Paludina carinifera, embedded in a blue, grey or greenish limestone, and is found in the Upper Purbeck beds of See also:

• SWANAGE

Swanage in See also:

• DORSETSHIRE (DORSET)

Dorsetshire . Excellent examples of its use may be seen in See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey and in the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, as well as in the cathedrals of See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury, See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester, See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester and See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln . See also:

• SUSSEX
• SUSSEX, EARLS OF
• SUSSEX, KINGDOM OF (SO Seaxe, i.e. the South Saxons)
• SUSSEX, THOMAS RADCLYFFE [or RATCLYFFE], 3RD EARL OF (c. 1525-1583)

Sussex marble is a very similar stone, occurring in thin beds in the See also:

• WEALD, THE

Weald See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay, and consisting largely of the shells of Paludina, principally P. sussexiensis and P. fluviorum . The See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar stones and the episcopal See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair in See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury See also:

• CATHEDRAL

Cathedral are of this material . Certain calcareous metamorphic rocks frequently form stones which are sufficiently beautiful to be used for ornamental purposes, and are generally classed as marbles . Such. serpentinous limestones are included by petrologists under the term " ophicalcite." The famous verde antico is a rock of this See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . See also:

• MONA

Mona marble is an ophicalcite from the metamorphic series of the Isle of See also:

• ANGLESEY, ARTHUR ANNESLEY
• ANGLESEY, HENRY WILLIAM PAGET
• ANGLESEY, or ANGLESEA

Anglesey, while the " Irish See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green "of architects is a similar rock from See also:

• CONNEMARA

Connemara in western Galway . It is notable that some of the " white marble " of Connemara has been found by W . See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King and T . H . Rowney to consist almost wholly of malacolite, a silicate of See also:

• CALCIUM [symbol Ca, atomic weight 40.0 (o= x6)]

calcium and See also:

• MAGNESIUM [symbol Mg, atomic weight 24.32 (0 = 16)]

magnesium .

A beautiful marble has been worked to a limited extent in the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Tiree, one of the See also:

• HEBRIDES, THE, or WESTERN ISLES

Hebrides, but the See also:

• QUARRY

quarry appears to be now exhausted . This Tiree marble is a limestone having a delicate See also:

• CARNELIAN

carnelian colour diffused through it in irregular patches, and containing rounded crystals of sahlite, a green augitic See also:

• MINERAL

mineral resembling malacolite in See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition . Many marbles which are prized for the variegated patterns they display owe these patterns to their formation in concentric zones—such marbles being in fact stalagmitic deposits of carbonate of lime, sometimes consisting of See also:

• ARAGONITE

aragonite . One of the most beautiful stalagmitic rocks is the so-called See also:

• ONYX

onyx marble of See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria . This stone was largely used in the buildings of See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage and Rome, but the quarries which yielded it were not known to See also:

• MODERN

modern sculptors until 1849, when it was redis-covered near Oued-Abdallah . The stone is a beautifully trans-lucent material, delicately clouded with yellow and brown, and is greatly prized by See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French workmen . Large deposits of a very fine onyx-like marble, similar to the Algerian stone, have been worked at Tecali, about 35 See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles from the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico . Among other stalagmitic marbles, mention may be made of the well-known See also:

• GIBRALTAR

Gibraltar stone, which is often worked into See also:

• MODELS

models of See also:

• CANNON (a word common to Romance languages, from the Lat. canna, a reed, tube, with the addition of the augmentative termination -on, -one)

cannon and other ornamental objects . This stalagmite is much deeper in colour and less translucent than the onyx marbles of Algeria and Mexico . A richly tinted stalagmitic stone worked in See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California is known as Californian marble . It is See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth noting that the " alabaster " of the ancients was stalagmitic carbonate of lime, and that this stone is therefore called by mineralogists " See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental alabaster " in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to distinguish it from our modern " alabaster," which is a sulphate, and not a carbonate, of lime . See also:

• GYPSUM

Gypsum capable of taking a See also:

• POLISH

polish is found at Fauld in See also:

• STAFFORD
• STAFFORD, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Stafford-shire and in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain .

The brown and yellow See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours which stalagmitic marbles usually present are due to the presence of oxide of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron . This colouring matter gives See also:

• SPECIAL

special characters to certain stones, such as the giallo antico, or See also:

• ANTIQUE (Lat. antiquus, old)

antique yellow marble of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian antiquaries . See also:

• SIENA

Siena marble is a reddish mottled stone obtained from the neighbourhood of Siena in Tuscany; and a somewhat similar stone is found in King's See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

County, Ireland . True red marble is by no means common, but it does occur, of See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright and See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform colour, though in very small quantity, in the Carboniferous limestone of Derbyshire and north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east Stafford-shire . The red marble called rosso antico is often confounded with the porjiro rosso antico, which is really a See also:

• MICA

mica-See also:

• HORNBLENDE

hornblende porphyrite owing its red colour to the mineral withamite . See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

Fire marble is the name given to a brown shelly limestone containing ammonites and other fossil shells, which present a brilliant display of iridescent colours, like those of See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious See also:

• OPAL

opal . It occurs in rocks of Liassic age at the . See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead-mines of Bleiberg in See also:

• CARINTHIA (Ger. Kdrnten)

Carinthia, and is worked into See also:

• SNUFF (from " to snuff, " i.e. to inhale, to draw in through the nose; cf. Dutch snuf, scent, Ger. Schnupfen, a cold, catarrh, and Eng. " snuffle, " " sniff, " &c.)

snuff-boxes and other small objects . By mineralogists it is often termed lumachella, an Italian name which may, however, be appropriately applied to any marble which contains small shells . The quarries of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, Belgium, Italy and Spain, not to mention less important localities, yield a great diversity of marbles, and almost each stone bears a .distinctive name, often of trivial meaning; but in this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article it is impossible to enumerate the local names used by marble-workers in, different countries to distinguish the various stones which pass under their hands . See also:

• AMERICA

America possesses some valuable deposits of marble, which in the eastern States have been extensively worked . The crystalline limestones of western New England furnish an abundance of white and grey marble, while a beautiful material fit for statuary work has been quarried near See also:

• RUTLAND
• RUTLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RUTLAND, JOHN JAMES ROBERT MANNERS, 7TH DUKE OF (1818-1906)

Rutland in See also:

• VERMONT

Vermont . A grey bird's-eye marble is obtained from central New York, and the greyish clouded limestones of Thomaston in See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine have been extensively quarried .

Of the variegated and coloured marbles, perhaps the most beautiful are those from the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• PART

part of Vermont, in the neighbourhood of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• CHAMPLAIN
• CHAMPLAIN, SAMUEL DE (1567-1635)

Champlain . A fine brecciated marble is found on the See also:

• MARYLAND

Maryland See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• POTOMAC

Potomac, below Point of Rocks . Among the principal localities for black marble may be mentioned See also:

• SHOREHAM

Shoreham in Vermont and Glen Falls in New York . In 1908 the See also:

• AMERICAN

American States producing marble were, in order of value, Vermont, See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia, See also:

• TENNESSEE

Tennessee, New York, See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts, See also:

• ALABAMA

Alabama, See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania, Maryland, California, See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado, See also:

• ALASKA

Alaska, N . Carolina, See also:

• KENTUCKY

Kentucky, New Mexico, See also:

• UTAH

Utah, See also:

• MISSOURI

Missouri and See also:

• IDAHO

Idaho . In See also:

• CANADA

Canada the crystalline limestones of the pre-See also:

• CAMBRIAN

Cambrian series yield beautiful marbles . In See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India we find important quarries at Makrana in See also:

• RAJPUTANA

Rajputana, —a locality which is said to have yielded the marble for the famous Taj Mahal at See also:

• AGRA

Agra . In the valley of the See also:

• NERBUDDA, or NARBADA

Nerbudda, near Jabalpur, there is a large development of marble . The white marble which is used for the delicately pierced screens called jalee work is obtained from near Raialo, in Ulwar . (F . W . R.*) Petrography.—Marbles are uniformly crystalline, and hence have no bedding or schistosity which would tend to make them fissile, 678 but are entirely massive and See also:

• FREE

free from grain .

The microstructure of pure marble is comparatively See also:

• SIMPLE

simple . In thin sections they are seen to be built up of somewhat rounded grains of See also:

• CALCITE

calcite, fitting closely together in a See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic; very rarely do any grains show traces of crystalline form . They are colourless and transparent, and are usually traversed by a lattice-work of sharply defined cleavage cracks, which correspond to the rhombohedral faces . In polarized light the colours are pinkish or greenish white, or in very thin sections iridescent because the mineral has a very strong See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• REFRACTION
• REFRACTION (Lat. refringere, to break open or apart)

refraction . They may also be crossed by bars or stripes, each of which indicates a twin See also:

• PLATE

plate, for the crystals are usually polysynthetic . This twinning may be produced by pressure acting either during the See also:

• CRYSTALLIZATION

crystallization of the rock or at a later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . The purest marbles generally contain some See also:

• ACCESSORY

accessory minerals, and in many of these rocks they form a considerable proportion of the whole mass . The commonest are quartz in small rounded grains, scales of colourless or See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale yellow mica (See also:

• MUSCOVITE

muscovite and See also:

• PHLOGOPITE

phlogopite), dark shining flakes of See also:

• GRAPHITE

graphite and small crystals of See also:

• PYRITES

pyrites or iron oxides . Even fine Carrara marble leaves a See also:

• RESIDUE (through the French, from the Lat. residuum, a remainder, from residere, to remain)

residue of this sort when dissolved in acid . Many marbles contain other minerals which are usually silicates of lime or magnesia . The See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of these accessories is a very large one . See also:

• AUGITE

Augite is very frequent and may be white (malacolite) or pale green (coccolite, sahlite, See also:

• DIOPSIDE

diopside) ; hornblende occurs as white bladed See also:

• TREMOLITE

tremolite or pale green actinolite; feldspars may be present also, such as See also:

• ORTHOCLASE

orthoclase, or more frequently some See also:

• PLAGIOCLASE

plagioclase such as See also:

• ALBITE

albite, See also:

• LABRADORITE, or LABRADOR SPAR

labradorite and See also:

• ANORTHITE

anorthite; See also:

• SCAPOLITE (Gr. O'Kairos, rod, )tLOoc, stone)

scapolite (or wernerite) ; various kinds of See also:

• GARNET
• GARNET, or GARNETT, HENRY (1555—1606)

garnet ; See also:

• VESUVIANITE

vesuvianite, See also:

• SPINEL

spinel, forsterite, periclase, See also:

• BRUCITE

brucite, See also:

• TALC

talc, See also:

• ZOISITE

zoisite and See also:

• EPIDOTE

epidote, chondrodite, See also:

• BIOTITE

biotite, See also:

• DATOLITE

datolite, See also:

• SPHENE

sphene and See also:

• APATITE

apatite may be mentioned as typical accessory minerals .

The presence of metalliferous minerals such as See also:

• GALENA

galena, grey or red See also:

• SILVER

silver ores, See also:

• ZINC

zinc See also:

• BLENDE, or SPHALERITE

blende, antimonite, chalcopyrite, See also:

• MOLYBDENITE

molybdenite, cassiterite, usually indicates impregnation by ore-bearing solutions, especially if these substances occur in workable quantities . The rubies ofY See also:

• BURMA

Burma are found in crystalline lime-stones and are constantly accompanied by precious spinel (or balasruby) . These minerals represent impurities in the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original limestone which crystallized at the time that the marble became crystalline . The silicates derive their silica mainly from See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand or infiltrated siliceous deposits; the alumina represents an admixture of clay; the iron came from See also:

• LIMONITE, or BROWN IRON ORE

limonite or hematite in the original See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the rock . Where the silicates bulk largely because the original limestone was highly impure, all the carbonic acid may be driven out and replaced by silica during the See also:

• PROCESS

process of recrystallization . The rock is then a talc-silicate rock, hard, tough, flinty and no longer readily soluble in acids . They are sometimes fine-grained hornstones (known as calc-silicate hornfelses) . Where white minerals predominate (See also:

• WOLLASTONITE

wollastonite, tremolite, feldspar) these rocks may have a close resemblance to marbles, but often they are green from the abundance of green augites and amphiboles, or brown (when garnet and vesuvianite are present in quantity) or yellow (with epidote, chondrodite or sphene) . Decomposition induces further changes in colour owing to the formation of green or yellow serpentine, pale green talc, red hematite, and brown limonite . Most of the coloured or variegated crystal-See also:

• LINE

line marbles have originated in this manner . Often bands of calcsilicate rock alternate with bands of marble, and they may be folded or See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent ; in other cases, nodules and patches of silicates occur in a See also:

• MATRIX

matrix of pure marble . See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

Earth movements may shatter the rocks, producing fissures afterwards filled with veins of calcite; in this way the beautiful brecciated or veined marbles are produced .

Sometimes the broken fragments are rolled and rounded by the flow of the marble under pressure and pseudo-conglomerates or " crush conglomerates " result . In other cases the banding of the marble indicates the original bedding of the calcareous sediments . Crystal-line limestones which contain much mica may be called cipollins; in them quartz, garnet and hornblende often also occur . The ophicalcites are marbles containing much serpentine, which has been formed by the decomposition of forsterite, See also:

• OLIVINE

olivine or augite . The much-discussed Eozoon, at one time supposed to be the earliest known fossil and found in Archaean limestones in Canada, is now known to be inorganic and to belong to the ophicalcites . Many marbles, probably all of them, are metamorphosed lime-stones . The passage of limestones rich in fossils into true marbles as they approach great crystalline intrusions of granite is a phenomenon seen in many parts of the See also:

• WORLD

world; occasionally the recrystallization of the rock has not completely obliterated the organic structures (e.g. at Carrara and at See also:

• BERGEN

Bergen in See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway) . The agencies which have induced the See also:

• METAMORPHISM (Gr. ise-rci, change of, and liop¢i, shape)

metamorphism are See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat and pressure, the heat arising from the granite and the pressure from overlying masses of rock, for these changes took place before the granite cooled and while it was still deeply buried beneath the surface . In 18o6 See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall described a series of experiments proving this . He enclosed See also:

• CHALK

chalk in a See also:

• GUN

gun-See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel securely plugged and heated it to a high temperature in a See also:

• FURNACE

furnace . Carbonic acid was given off by the chalk and produced a great pressure in the interior of the See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube . After slow cooling the mass was found to have become converted into granular crystalline marble .

As rocks which have undergone changes of this kind are commonest in the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest and deepest layers of the earth's crust, most marbles are Palaeozoic or pre-Cambrian . They occur very often with mica See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists, phyllites, &c., which were beds of clay alternating with the original limestone . Formerly it was supposed that some of these marbles were crystalline sediments or even igneous rocks, but the tendency of modern See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology is to assume that they were See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary limestones, many of which may have been fossiliferous . In regions where the sedimentary rocks have been converted into schists, gneisses and granulites, the limestones are represented by calc schists, cipollins and marbles . Often no granite or other intrusive rock is present which may be regarded as the cause of the metamorphism . The marbles are often banded or schistose, and under the See also:

• MICROSCOPE (Gr. µucp6s, small, asenreiv, to %view)

microscope show crushing and deformation of the component crystals, such as would have been produced by the earth pressures which accompany rock-folding . These crush structures have been obtained experimentally in marbles subjected to great pressures in See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel cylinders . In the recrystallization of these limestones the See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• HEATING

heating See also:

• ACTION

action of igneous intrusions may have played no part, but the rise of temperature and increase of pressure due to the folding of great rock masses have probably been the operating causes . This type of metamorphism has been distinguished by the name marmarosis (Sir A . See also:

• GEIKIE
• GEIKIE, JAMES (1839- )
• GEIKIE, SIR ARCHIBALD (1835- )

Geikie, See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

Text See also:

• BOOK

Book of Geology, 1882) . For descriptions of ancient marbles see F . Corsi, Delle pietre antiche (Rome, 1845) ; M .

W . See also:

• PORTER
• PORTER, BENJAMIN CURTIS (1843– )
• PORTER, DAVID (1780-1843)
• PORTER, DAVID DIXON (1813-1891)
• PORTER, ENDYMION (1587–1649)
• PORTER, HENRY (ft. 1596-1599)
• PORTER, HORACE (1837– )
• PORTER, JANE (1776–1850)
• PORTER, MARY (d. 1765)
• PORTER, NOAH (1811–1892)

Porter, What Rome was built with (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1907), and for marbles in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general consult E . See also:

• HULL
• HULL (in O.Eng. hulu, from helan, to cover, cf. Ger. Hiille, covering)
• HULL (officially KINGSTON-UPON-HULL)
• HULL, ISAAC (1775-1843)

Hull, Building and Ornamental Stones (1872) ; G . P . See also:

• MERRILL

Merrill, Stones for Building and Decoration (3rd ed., 1905, New York) . (J . S .