MARCASITE  , a See also:

• MINERAL

mineral with the same chemical See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition as See also:

• PYRITES

pyrites, being See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron disulphide FeS2, but crystallizing in the orthorhombic instead of in the cubic See also:

• SYSTEM

system . The name is of Arabic origin and was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long applied to crystallized pyrites (q.v.); it was restricted to the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• SPECIES

species by W . See also:

• HAIDINGER, WILHELM KARL, RITTER VON (1795-1871)

Haidinger in 1845 . The mineral was known to G . See also:

• AGRICOLA (originally SCHNEIDER, then SCHNITTER), JOHANNES (1494-1566)
• AGRICOLA (the Latinized form of the name BAUER), GEORG (1490-1555)
• AGRICOLA, CHRISTOPH LUDWIG (1667-1719)
• AGRICOLA, GNAEUS JULIUS (A.D. 37-93)
• AGRICOLA, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1720-1774)
• AGRICOLA, MARTIN (c. 1500-1556)
• AGRICOLA, RODOLPHUS (properly ROELOF HUYSMANN) (1443-1485)

Agricola in 1546 under the names Wasserkies or Wesserkies and Leberkies, and it has been variously known as See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white pyrites, hepatic pyrites, lamellar pyrites, radiated pyrites (See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Strahlkies) and prismatic pyrites . The orthorhombic See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the crystals, as distinct from the cubic form of pyrites, was recognized by See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome de l'Isle in 1772, though later R . J . See also:

• HAUY, RENE JUST (1743-1822)

Hauy considered the crystals to be only distorted cubic forms . The crystals are isomorphous with See also:

• MISPICKEL

mispickel (q.v.), but only rarely are they distinctly See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed and See also:

• SIMPLE

simple (fig.) . Usually. they are twinned on a See also:

• PRISM (Gr. rrpivµa, properly a thing sawn, Irpii"ety, to saw)

prism See also:

• PLANE

plane, M, producing pentagonal stellate See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of five crystals; twinning on the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain g, in which the crystals intercross at angles of nearly 6o°, is less See also:

• COMMON

common . This frequent twinning gives rise to characteristic forms, with many re-entrant angles, to which the names " See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear pyrites " and " cockscomb pyrites " are applied . The commonest See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• AGGREGATION (from the Lat. ad, to, gregare, to collect together)

aggregation is that of radially arranged See also:

• FIBRES
• FIBRES (or FIBERS, in American spelling; from Lat. fibra, apparently connected either with filum, thread, or findere, to split)

fibres, the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass being globular, nodular or stalactitic in form .

Apart from crystalline form, the external characters of marcasite are very similar to those of pyrites, and when distinct crystals are not available the two species cannot always be easily distinguished . The See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour is usually See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale See also:

• BRONZE

bronze-yellow, often rather lighter than that of pyrites; on freshly fractured surfaces of pure marcasite the colour is See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin-white, but this rapidly tarnishes on exposure to See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air . The lustre is metallic and brilliant . The streak is greyish or brownish-See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black . The hardness (6–62) is the same as that of pyrites, and the specific gravity (4.8–4.9) as a See also:

• RULE

rule rather less . Arsenical varieties of marcasite, containing up to 5% of See also:

• ARSENIC (symbol As, atomic weight 75.0)

arsenic, are known as lonchidite and kyrosite . Marcasite readily oxidizes on exposure to moist air, with the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of sulphuric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid and a white fibrous efflorescence of ferrous sulphate, and in course of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time specimens in collections often became completely disintegrated . In nature it is frequently altered to See also:

• LIMONITE, or BROWN IRON ORE

limonite with the separation of native See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur . Marcasite is thus the less See also:

• STABLE

stable of the two modifications of iron disulphide . Many experiments have been made with a view to determining the difference in chemical constitution of marcasite and pyrites, but with no very definite results . It is a noteworthy fact that whilst pyrites has been prepared artificially, marcasite has not . Marcasite occurs under the same conditions as pyrites, but is much less common .

Whilst pyrites is found abundantly in the older crystalline rocks and slates, marcasite is more abundant in See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays, and has often been formed as a See also:

• CONCRETION

concretion around organic remains . It is abundant, for example, in the plastic See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay of the See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

Brown See also:

• COAL

Coal formation at Littmitz, near See also:

• CARLSBAD

Carlsbad, in Bohemia, at which See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place it has been extensively See also:

• MINED

mined for the manufacture of sulphur and ferrous sulphate . In the See also:

• CHALK

Chalk of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England nodules of marcasite with a fibrous radiated structure are abundant, and in the Chalk See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

Marl between See also:

• DOVER
• DOVER, GEORGE JAMES WELBORE
• DOVER, HENRY JERMYN, EARL OF (c. 1636-1708)
• DOVER, ROBERT (1575-1641)

Dover and See also:

• FOLKESTONE

Folkestone See also:

• FINE

fine twinned groups of " spear pyrites " are common . The mineral is also met with in metalliferous See also:

• VEINS

veins, though much less frequently than pyrites; for example the " cockscomb pyrites " of the See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead mines of See also:

• DERBYSHIRE

Derbyshire and See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland . (L . J . S.) MARCEAU-DESGRAVIERS, See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

FRANCOIS SEVERIN (176)–1796), See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• CHARTRES

Chartres on the 1st of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1769 . His See also:

• FATHER

father was a See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law officer, and he was educated for a legal career, but at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of sixteen he enlisted in the See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy-Carignan . Whilst on furlough in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris Marceau joined in the attack on the See also:

• BASTILLE (from Fr. bastir, now bdtir, to build)

Bastille (See also:

• JULY

July 14, 1789); after that event he took his See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge from the See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army and returned to Chartres, but the embarrassments of his See also:

• FAMILY

family soon compelled him to seek fresh military enployment . He became See also:

• DRILL

drill instructor, and afterwards See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain in the depart-See also:

• MENTAL

mental (See also:

• EURE

Eure-et-See also:

• LOIRE

Loire) regiment of the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Guard . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in March 1792 he was elected See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel of one of the battalions of the Eure-et-Loire; he took See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of See also:

• VERDUN

Verdun in 1792, and it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to his See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the proposals of See also:

• CAPITULATION (Lat. capitulum, a little head or division; capitulare, to treat upon terms)

capitulation to the Prussian See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp . The spiritless conduct of the defenders excited the wrath of the revolutionary authorities, and Marceau was fortunate in escaping See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest and finding re-employment as a captain in the regular service .

Early in 1793 he became with other See also:

• OFFICERS

officers " suspect, " and was for some time imprisoned . On his See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release he hurried to take part in the defence of See also:

• SAUMUR

Saumur against the Vendean royalists, and distinguished himself at the combat of Saumur (See also:

• JUNE

June to, 1793) by gallantly rescuing the representative Bourbotte from the hands of the insurgents . The See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention voted him the thanks of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and thenceforward his rise was rapid . His conduct at Chantonnay (See also:

• SEPT

Sept . 5) won him the provisional See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of general of See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade . On the 17th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October he See also:

• BORE

bore a See also:

• GREAT

great part in the victory of See also:

• CHOLET

Cholet, and on the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of this See also:

• BATTLE

battle began his friendship with Kleber . For the victory of Cholet Kleber was made general of See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division and Marceau confirmed as general of brigade . Their See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice was of the greatest value to the generals in command, and the military talents of each were the See also:

• COMPLEMENT (Lat. complementum, from complere, to fill up)

complement of the other's . Marceau, who became general of division (Nov . 1o), succeeded to the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief command ad See also:

• INTERIM

interim, and with his friend won important victories near Le Mans (Dec . 12–13) and Savenay (Dec . 23) .

After the battle of Le Mans, Marceau rescued and protected a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Royalist See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady, Angelique See also:

• DES

des Mesliers . It is often supposed that he was in love with his prisoner; but the help even of the See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-chief did not avail to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save her from the See also:

• GUILLOTINE

guillotine (See also:

• JAN

Jan . 22, 1794) . Marceau had already retired from the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, exhausted by the fatigues of the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign, and he and Kleber were saved from arrest and See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution only by the intervention of Bourbotte . Marceau became affianced about this time to Agathe Lepretre de Chateaugiron, but his See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant military employment, his broken See also:

• HEALTH

health, and the opposition of the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de ChMeaugiron on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand and of Marceau's devoted See also:

• HALF

half-See also:

• SISTER

sister " Emira," wife of the Republican politician Sergent, on the other, prevented the realization of his hopes . After spending the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter of 1793–1794 in Paris he took a command in the army under See also:

• JOURDAN, JEAN BAPTISTE, COUNT (1762-1833)

Jourdan, in which Kleber also served . He took part in the various battles about See also:

• CHARLEROI
• CHARLEROI (Carolus Rex)

Charleroi, and at the final victory of See also:

• FLEURUS

Fleurus (June 26, 1794) he had a See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse shot under him . He distinguished himself again at Jiilich and at Aldenhoven, and stormed the lines of See also:

• COBLENZ (KOBLENZ)

Coblenz on the 23rd of October . With the Army of the Sambre and See also:

• MEUSE
• MEUSE (Flem. Maes, Du. Maas)

Meuse he took his See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the campaign of 1795 on the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine and the See also:

• LAHN

Lahn, distinguishing himself particularly with Kleber in the fighting about Neuwied on the 18th and 19th of October, and at Sulzbach on the 17th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December . In the campaign of 1796 the famous invasion of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany by the armies of Jourdan and See also:

• MOREAU, GUSTAVE (1826-1898)
• MOREAU, HEGESIPPE (18ro-1838)
• MOREAU, JEAN VICTOR MARIE (1763-1813)

Moreau ended in disaster, and Marceau's men covered Jourdan's See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat over the Rhine . He fought the desperate actions on the Lahn (Sept . 16 and 18), and at Altenkirchen on the 19th received a mortal See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound, of which he died on the 21st, at the early age of twenty-seven .

The Austrians vied with his own countrymen in doing See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour to the dead general . His See also:

• BODY

body was burned, and- his ashes, which at the time were placed under a See also:

• PYRAMID

pyramid designed by Kleber, were transferred in 1889 to the See also:

• PANTHEON (Lat. pantheum or pantheon; Gr. srav& ov, all-holy, from re, s, all, and Oeor god)

Pantheon at Paris . See See also:

• MAZE

Maze, Le General Marceau (1889) ; Parfait, Le General Marceau (1892) ; and T . C . See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson, Marceau (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1896) .