See also:

• PIERRE

PIERRE DE See also:

• PIERRE DE MARCA (1594-1662)

MARCA (1594-1662)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• PRELATE (Lat. praelatus, set above, from praefero, prefer)

prelate and historian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Gan, near See also:

• PAU

Pau, on the 24th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1594 . His See also:

• FAMILY

family was known among judicial circles in the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and maintained the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic faith after the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official introduction of the Reformed See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion into See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre . After having studied See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law at the university of See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse he practised successfully at Pau . But he was ambitious, and turned to a larger See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere . He ardently called for the armed intervention of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIII. in See also:

• BEAM
• BEAM (from the O. Eng. beam, cf. Ger. Baum, a tree, to which sense may be referred the use of " beam " as meaning the rood or crucifix, and the survival in certain names of trees, as horn-beam)

Beam, and on this occasion published his first See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing, Discours d'un Bearnais, tres fidele sujet du roi, sur l'edit du retablissement de l'exercice de la religion catholique dons tout le Beam (1618) . After the easy See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 162o, the possessions which had been taken by the Protestants were given back to the Roman Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church; this task was performed, under his supervision, with See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment and moderation . During the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of La Rochelle he performed a See also:

• MISSION

mission which brought him in See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with See also:

• RICHELIEU, ARMAND EMMANUEL SOPHIE SEPTEMANIE DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS

Richelieu, who shortly after-wards nominated him See also:

• INTENDANT (from Lat. intendens, pres. part. of intendere, to apply the mind to, to watch over; cf. " superintendent ")

intendant de See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice in Bearn (1631), and in 1639 summoned him to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris with the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of counsellor of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . The following See also:

• YEAR

year, the question of the intervention of See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings in the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of bishops having been raised in a pamphlet by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• HERSENT, LOUIS (1777-1860)

Hersent (Optatus See also:

• GALLUS, C
• GALLUS, CORNELIUS (c. 70-26 B.C.)
• GALLUS, GAIUS AELIUS
• GALLUS, GAIUS CESTIUS
• GALLUS, GAIUS SULPICIUS

Gallus de cavendo schismate, 1640), See also:

• MARCA, PIERRE DE (1594-1662)

Marca defended what were then called the liberties of the Gallican Church, in his celebrated See also:

• TREATISE

treatise De See also:

• CONCORDIA
• CONCORDIA (mod. Concordia Sagittaria)

concordia sacerdotii et imperii, seu de libertatibus ecclesiae gallicanae (1641) . He was soon rewarded for this service . Although he had not yet taken even the See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor See also:

• HOLY

holy orders, he was nominated See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Couserans by the king on the 28th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1641, but the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope refused to give his See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction . It was only after Marca had formally denied those propositions contained in De concordia which were displeasing to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome that he was proclaimed in the See also:

• CONSISTORY (Lat. consistorium, literally, a standing place, hence meeting place, waiting or audience chamber)

consistory (See also:

• JAN

Jan . 13, 1648) .

During this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and until 165x, he was See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• CATALONIA (Cataluna)

Catalonia, then occupied by the French . After the Treaty of the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees, he was sent to See also:

• DIRECT

direct the See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference which had been formed to See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix the limits of See also:

• ROUSSILLON

Roussillon, which had just been ceded to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France (r66o) . Marca now interested himself in the fortunes of See also:

• MAZARIN, JULES (1602-1661)

Mazarin, and remained faithful to him even during the See also:

• FRONDE, THE

Fronde . As a recompense, he was nominated See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of Toulouse (May 28, 1652), but had to wait for the bulls of See also:

• INVESTITURE (Late Lat. investitura)

investiture till the 23rd of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1654 . It was difficult for him to please both pope and king . In the struggle against the Jansenists he used all the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence he had with the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy to secure the passage of the apostolic constitution of the 31st of March 1653 (Relation de ce qui s'est fail depuis 1653 Bans See also:

• LES

les assemblees See also:

• DES

des eveeques au sujet des cinq propositions, 1657); but in the See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion raised by See also:

• RETZ, JEAN FRANCOIS PAUL DE GONDI, CARDINAL DE (1614-1679)
• RETZ, SEIGNEURS AND DUKES OF

Retz, archbishop of Paris, against the king, he took the See also:

• PART

part of the king against the pope . See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

Michel Le Tellier having ordered him to refute a thesis of the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of Clermont on the See also:

• INFALLIBILITY (Fr. infaillibilite and infallibilite, the latter now obsolete, Med. Lat. infallibilitas, infallibilis, formed from faller, to make a mistake)

infallibility of the pope, Marca wrote a treatise which was most Gallican in its ideas, but refused to publish it for fear of See also:

• DRAWING

drawing down " the indignation of Rome." These See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics were successful, and when Retz, weary of a struggle without definite results, resigned the archbishopric, Marca became his successor (Feb . 26, 1662) . He did not derive much profit from this new favour, as he died on the 29th of See also:

• JUNE

June following, without his nomination having been sanctioned by the pope . Marca, See also:

• CLEVER

clever and covetous, was also an historian of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note . When very See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young he showed his See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the past See also:

• HISTORY

history of his native See also:

• LAND

land, and in 1617, at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty-three, he had set to See also:

• WORK

work looking through archives, copying charters, and corresponding with the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal men of learning of his time, the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers See also:

• DUPUY, CHARLES ALEXANDRE (1851– )
• DUPUY, PIERRE (1582-1651)

Dupuy, See also:

• ANDRE, JOHN (1751-178o)

Andre See also:

• DUCHESNE, LOUIS MARIE OLIVIER (1843– )

Duchesne and See also:

• JEAN

Jean Besly, whom he visited in See also:

• POITOU

Poitou . His Histoire de Bearn was published at Paris in 164o .

It was not so well received as his De concordia, but is more appreciated by posterity . If Marca's See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism is too often undecided, both in the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient epochs, where he supports the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text by a certain amount of guesswork and in certain points where he touches on religion, yet he always gives the text correctly . A number of chapters end with an irlteresting collection of charters . It is to be regretted that this incomplete work does not go beyond 1300 . During his See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long stay in Catalonia he made preparations for a See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical and See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical description of this province, which was See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to France by so many See also:

• POLITICAL

political and See also:

• LITERARY

literary associations . See also:

• BALUZE, ETIENNE (1630-1718)

Baluze, who became his secretary in 1656, helped him with the work and finished it, adding clever appendices and See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing the whole in 1688 under the title Marca hispanica . Marca married See also:

• MARGUERITE

Marguerite de Forgues on the 4th of June 1618, and had one son and three daughters . His son, Galactoire, who was See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement of Navarre, died on the loth of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1689 . Marca's See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography was written in Latin by two of his intimate See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, See also:

• ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

Etienne Baluze, his secretary (Epistola ad Samuelem Sorbierium, de vita, gestis et scriptis Petri de Marca, Paris, 1663), and his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin, See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul de Faget (at the beginning of a collection of Marca's theological See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets, first published by Paul de Faget in 1668) . This contained four See also:

• TREATISES

treatises on the See also:

• EUCHARIST (Gr. evXapurria, thanksgiving)

Eucharist, the See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice of the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass, the erection of the patriarchate of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople (in Latin), and the See also:

• SACRAMENT

sacrament of the Eucharist (in French) . It was supposed to contain heretical propositions and caused a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal of See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal, inciting Baluze against Faget, both of whom abused the other, to defend the memory of the prelate . See See also:

• BAYLE, PIERRE (1647-1706)

Bayle's See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in the Dictionnaire historiqua et critique (s.v .

Marca "), and the See also:

• VIE

Vie de Marca In the Histoire de Bearn (vol. i., 1894) of V . Dubarat .