See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• MARCUS

marcus, See also:

• HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1810-1862)

hammer; See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to See also:

• BEAT (a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages; it is connected with the similar Romanic words derived from the Late Lat. battere)

beat the road with the See also:

• REGULAR

regular tread of a soldier: cf.  " See also:

• BEAT (a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages; it is connected with the similar Romanic words derived from the Late Lat. battere)

beat," of a policeman's See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round), the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement of military troops with See also:

• REGULAR

regular rhythmical steps, often with the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time marked by the beat of See also:

• DRUM (early forms drome or dromme, a word common to many Teut. languages, cf. Dan. tromme, Ger. Trommel: the word is ultimately the same as " trumpet," and is probably onomatopoeic in origin; it appears late in Eng. about the middle of the 16th century)

drum, the See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound of pipes or bugles or the See also:

• MUSIC

music of a military See also:

• BAND

band; hence the advance or movement of a See also:

• BODY

body of troops from one point to another, and the distance covered in so doing . The word is also naturally applied to the music composed for marching to, and to the steady regular advance or progress of non-military bodies or persons, or of events, &c . In the military sense, " marching " is walking in formed bodies of troops, either during See also:

• DRILL

drill evolutions on See also:

• PARADE (Fr. parade, an adaptation from Ital. parada; cf. Span. parada, from Lat. parade, to prepare, equip, furnish)

parade or on the " See also:

• LINE

line of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march " from one See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to another . In both senses the word is used with mounted troops as well as with dismounted men . Formerly all evolutions were carried out at the so-called " parade-march " See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

pace of about 75–80 paces to the See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute, and in one or two armies of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the parade step See also:

• CADENCE (through the Fr. from the Lat. cadentia, from cadere, to fall)

cadence was as slow as 6o . These cadences are now, how-ever, reserved in all armies for ceremonial occasions, and the usual manoeuvre and marching pace (" See also:

• QUICK

quick march ") is about 120, the " See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double " march pace (pas gymnastique) about 180 . The " quick " march, translated into See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles and See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours, is about 31 or 31 miles an See also:

• HOUR

hour in all armies, though a few See also:

• SPECIAL

special bodies of See also:

• LIGHT

light troops such as the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian Bersaglieri are trained to move at a much faster See also:

• RATE

rate for hours together, either by alternate " quick " and " double " marching or by an unvarying " jog-trot." The paces recognized for See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry are the walk, the trot, the canter and the gallop; the usual practice on the line of march being to alternate the walk and the trot, which See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination gives a See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed of about 5 miles an hour for many hours together . A " See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day's march," or more simply a " march," is usually reckoned to be 15–16 miles for a large body of troops, a " forced " march being one of 20 miles or over, or one in which, from whatever cause, the troops are on See also:

• FOOT

foot for more than about seven hours . For large bodies of troops the rate of movement on the line of march rarely exceeds 3 miles an hour . The immense assistance afforded by music to marching troops has been recognized from the earliest times of organized armies, and a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DEAL

deal of special march-music has been written for military bands, formerly often in 4 or .8 time (one See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar representing one pace with the foot), but now almost invariably in See also:

• COMMON

common or -- time, which is more suitable for the " quick march." The music itself is usually a combination of See also:

• SIMPLE

simple, lively See also:

• MELODY (Gr. ,ueXw3ia, a choral song, from name, tune, and gi6i, song)

melody and well-marked accents for the drums, with little See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt at contrapuntal See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing . The See also:

• FIFE
• FIFE (Fr. fifre; Med. Ger. Schweizerpfeiff, Feldpfeiff; Ital. ottavino)

fife or See also:

• PICCOLO (Fr. petite filte octave; Ger. Pickelflote; Ital. flauto piccolo or ottavino)

piccolo, the natural See also:

• BUGLE

bugle (in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and elsewhere the See also:

• CHROMATIC (Gr. xpcoµaruc6s, coloured, from xpwµa, colour)

chromatic See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key-bugle is used), and the drum are the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments, the " band," as distinct from the "drums" and " bugles," having in addition to drum and fifes clarinets (saxophones in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium) and saxhorns of all types . In Scottish regiments, and in a few isolated cases elsewhere, bagpipes provide the marching music .

The importance of music on the march is attested further by the almost universal practice of singing or whistling marching songs, and even playing them on concertinas, &c., in the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of the band and drums . 2 . From See also:

• MARCHE
• MARCHE, or LA MARCHE

marche, the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a common See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic word represented in See also:

• ENGLISH

English by " See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark " (q.v.), a boundary or frontier region between two countries or districts . The word appears to have been first used in this sense in the 8th century, and the earliest " mark " or " march " districts were tracts of See also:

• LAND

land on the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the Carolingian See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . Wherever See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne pushed forward the frontiers of the Frankish See also:

• REALM

realm he provided for the See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security of his lands, new and old alike, by establishing mark districts on the borders . The See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence and oversight of these were entrusted to special See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, afterwards called margraves, or See also:

• COUNTS

counts of the mark, who usually enjoyed more extensive See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers than See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to the See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot of an See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count . It is at this time that we hear first of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish mark (See also:

• MARCA, PIERRE DE (1594-1662)

marca hispanica) and the Bavarian mark (marca bajoariae) . These mark districts were practically obliterated during the reigns of the feeble sovereigns who succeeded Charlemagne, but the See also:

• SYSTEM

system was revived with the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry the See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

Fowler to the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• THRONE

throne See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the loth century and with a renewal of the See also:

• WORK

work of conquering and colonizing the regions See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe, and in eastern See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany generally . Under Henry and his son, See also:

• OTTO

Otto the Great, marks were again set upon the borders of Germany, and this time the organization was more lasting . The markdistricts increased in See also:

• SIZE

size and strength, especially those which fell under the dominion of an able and energetic ruler, and some of them became powerful states, retaining the name mark See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original significance of the word had been forgotten . It is interesting to See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note that the two most important of the See also:

• MODERN

modern German states, See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria and See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, both had their origin in mark districts, the mark of See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg, the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Prussia, being at first a border See also:

• DISTRICT

district to the east of the duchy of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, and the east mark, or mark of Austria, being a border district of the duchy of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria . In Italy march districts made their See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance about the same time as in other parts of the Frankish Empire .

The best known of these is the march of See also:

• ANCONA
• ANCONA, ALESSANDRO (1835– )

Ancona, which with other See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

marches and adjoining districts, was known later as the Marches, a See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province lying about the centre of Italy between the See also:

• APENNINES (Gr. 'A1T- vvLvos, Lat. Appenninus—in both cases used in the singular)

Apennines and the Adriatic See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea . After forming See also:

• PART

part of the states of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church the Marches were See also:

• UNITED

united with the kingdom of Italy in 1860 (see MARCHES, THE) . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in the same connexion the plural word " marches " was the form commonly adopted, and soon after the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest the disturbed districts on the borders of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales began to be known as the Welsh marches . Lands therein were granted to powerful nobles on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that they undertook the defence of the neighbouring counties of England . These lords of the marches, or lords marcher, as they were often called, had special privileges, but they were generally so fully occupied in fighting against each other and in seeking to increase their own See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power that the original See also:

• OBJECT

object of their See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment was entirely forgotten . The condition of the marches See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew worse and worse, and during disturbed reigns, like those of Henry III. and See also:

• EDWARD

Edward II., lawlessness was rampant and See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion was centred therein . A more satisfactory condition of affairs, however, prevailed after the conclusion of the See also:

• WARS

Wars of the See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

Roses; and the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment by Henry VIII. in 1542 of a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of Wales and the marches was followed by a notable diminution of disorder in this region . About the time of See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth the Welsh marches ceased to have any but an See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical importance . In 1328 See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger See also:

• MORTIMER (Family)

Mortimer, a member of one of the most powerful of the marcher families, was created See also:

• EARL

earl of March (comes de marchia Waliae), and in the reign of Edward III . (1354) the marches were declared to be no part of the principality, but directly subject to the English See also:

• CROWN

crown . It is difficult to define the boundaries of the Welsh marches, as their extent varied considerably from time to time, but under Edward I. and again under the Lancastrian See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings the marcher lordships included more than See also:

• HALF

half of the See also:

• AREA

area of Wales; they embraced practically the whole of the principality except the counties of Anglesea, See also:

• CARNARVON
• CARNARVON, EARLDOM OF

Carnarvon and See also:

• MERIONETH (Welsh, Meirionydd)

Merioneth in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• CARMARTHEN (Caerfyrddin)

Carmarthen and See also:

• CARDIGAN (Aberteifi)
• CARDIGAN, JAMES THOMAS BRUDENELL, 7TH EARL OR (1797-1868)

Cardigan in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, together with parts of the English border counties, See also:

• MONMOUTH (Welsh Mynwy)
• MONMOUTH, BATTLE OF (1778)
• MONMOUTH, JAMES SCOTT
• MONMOUTH, ROBERT CAREY, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1560-1639)

Monmouth, See also:

• HEREFORD

Hereford and See also:

• SHROPSHIRE (SALOP)

Shropshire . The debateable ground between England and See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland was also known as the marches, although its condition began to attract the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern kingdom somewhat later than was the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case with Wales .

Arrangements were made for garrisoning them and at one time they were divided into three sections: the east, the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, and the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle marches, the over-sight of each being entrusted to a See also:

• WARDEN

warden . Roughly speaking, they embraced the modern counties of See also:

• NORTHUMBERLAND
• NORTHUMBERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN DUDLEY, VISCOUNT LISLE, EARL OF WARWICK
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN NEVILLE, EARL OF (c. 1430-1471)

Northumberland and See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland, together with a See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract on the Scottish See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the border . The need for protecting them ceased soon after the accession of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James VI. of Scotland to the English throne, and they have now only an historical and legendary significance . About 1290 See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick de See also:

• DUNBAR, GEORGE (1774—1851)
• DUNBAR, PAUL LAURENCE (1872–1906)
• DUNBAR, WILLIAM (c. 1460-c. 1520)

Dunbar, earl of Dunbar, called himself earl of March, taking the name from the merse, or march, a tract of land in See also:

• BERWICKSHIRE

Berwickshire . In France under the ancien regime there was a See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of La Marche, and in north-east Germany there was the county of La Marck, now part of the kingdom of Prussia .