EARLS OF See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• EARLS OF MARCH
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

MARCH  , See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title derived from the " See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

marches " or boundaries (1) between See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, and (2) England and See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, and held severally by See also:

• GREAT

great feudal families possessed of lands in those border districts . The earls of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March on the Welsh See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders were descended from See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger de Mortemer (so called from his See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Mortemer in See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy), who was connected by See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of Normandy . His son See also:

• RALPH (d. 1122)

Ralph (d. c . 1104) figures in Domesday as the holder of vast estates in See also:

• SHROPSHIRE (SALOP)

Shropshire, See also:

• HEREFORDSHIRE

Herefordshire and•other parts of England, especially in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west; and his See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh de See also:

• MORTIMER (Family)

Mortimer, founder of the priory of Wigmore in Herefordshire, was one of the most powerful of the barons reduced to submission by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II., who compelled him to surrender his castles of Cleobury and Wigmore . The Mortimers, however, continued to exercise almost undisputed sway, as lords of Wigmore, over the western counties and the Welsh marches . I . Welsh Marches.—ROGER DE MORTIMER (C . I286—1330), 8th See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron of Wigmore and 1st See also:

• EARL

earl of March, being an See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant at the See also:

• DEATH

death of his See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund, was placed by See also:

• EDWARD

Edward I. under the guardianship of Piers See also:

• GAVESTON, PIERS (d. 1312)

Gaveston, and was knighted by Edward in 1306; Mortimer's See also:

• MOTHER

mother being a relative of Edward's See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort, Eleanor of See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile . Through his marriage with See also:

• JOAN

Joan de Join- ville, or Genevill, Roger not only acquired increased possessions on the Welsh marches, including the important castle of See also:

• LUDLOW
• LUDLOW, EDMUND (c. 1617-1692)

Ludlow, which became the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief stronghold of the Mortimers, but also extensive estates and See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, whither he went in 1308 to enforce his authority . This brought him into conflict with the De Lacys, who turned for support to Edward See also:

• BRUCE
• BRUCE, ALEXANDER BALMAIN (1831-1899)
• BRUCE, JAMES (1930-1794)
• BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767)

Bruce, See also:

• BROTHER

brother of See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Bruce, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Scotland . Mortimer was appointed See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord-See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant of Ireland by Edward II. in 1316, ' The authorship of this speech has been disputed . and at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a large See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army drove Bruce to See also:

• CARRICKFERGUS

Carrickfergus, and the De Lacys into See also:

• CONNAUGHT
• CONNAUGHT, ARTHUR WILLIAM PATRICK ALBERT, DUKE OF (1850– )

Connaught, wreaking vengeance on their adherents whenever they were to be found .

He was then occupied for some years with baronial disputes on the Welsh border until about 1318, when he began to See also:

• INTEREST

interest himself in the growing opposition to Edward II. and his favourites, the Despensers; and he supported See also:

• HUMPHREY (or HUMFREY), LAWRENCE (1527?-1590)

Humphrey de See also:

• BOHUN

Bohun, earl of See also:

• HEREFORD

Hereford, in refusing to obey the king's See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons to appear before him in 1321 . Forced to surrender to the king at See also:

• SHREWSBURY
• SHREWSBURY, CHARLES TALBOT, DUKE OF (166o-1718)
• SHREWSBURY, DUKE
• SHREWSBURY, EARLS OF
• SHREWSBURY, ELIZABETH TALBOT, COUNTESS OF (1518–16o8)
• SHREWSBURY, JOHN TALBOT, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1453)

Shrewsbury in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1322, Mortimer was consigned to the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower of See also:

• LONDON

London, whence he escaped to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1324 . In the following See also:

• YEAR

year See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella, wife of Edward II., anxious to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, obtained his consent to her going to France to use her influence with her brother, See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles IV., in favour of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . At the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen found Roger Mortimer; she became his See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress soon afterwards, and at his instigation refused to return to England so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as the Despensers retained See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power as the king's favourites . The See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal of Isabella's relations with Mortimer compelled them both to withdraw from the French court to See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, where they obtained assistance for an invasion of England . Landing in England in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1326, they were joined by Henry, earl of See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• LANCASTER, THOMAS, EARL OF (c. 1277-1322)

Lancaster; London See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose in support of the queen; and Edward took See also:

• FLIGHT

flight to the west, whither he was pursued by Mortimer and Isabella . After wandering helplessly for some See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks in Wales, the king was taken on the 16th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, and was compelled to abdicate in favour of his son . But though the latter was crowned as Edward III. in January 1327, the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country was ruled by Mortimer and Isabella, who See also:

• PRO

pro-cured the See also:

• MURDER

murder of Edward II. in the following September . See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

Rich estates and offices of profit and power were now heaped on Mortimer, and in September 1328 he was created earl of March . Greedy and grasping, he was no more competent than the Despensers to conduct the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the country . The See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy and anger of Lancaster having been excited by March's arrogance, Lancaster prevailed upon the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young king; Edward III., to throw off the yoke of his mother's paramour . At a See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament held at See also:

• NOTTINGHAM
• NOTTINGHAM, CHARLES HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF1 (1536-1624)
• NOTTINGHAM, EARLS OF

Nottingham in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1330 a See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot was successfully carried out by which March was arrested in the castle, and, in spite of Isabella's entreaty to her son to " have pity on the See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle Mortimer," was conveyed to the Tower .

Accused of assuming royal power and of various other high misdemeanours, he was condemned without trial and hanged at See also:

• TYBURN

Tyburn on the 29th of November 1330, his vast estates being forfeited to the See also:

• CROWN

crown . March's wife, by whom he had four sons and eleven daughters, survived till 1356 . The daughters all married into powerful families, chiefly of Marcher houses . His eldest son, Edmund, was father of Roger Mortimer (c . 1328-1360), who was knighted by Edward III. in 1346, and restored to his grandfather's title as 2nd earl of March .