See also:

• MARE

MARE CLAUSUM  and,See also:

• MARE

MARE LIBERUM (See also:

• LAT

Lat. for " closed See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea " and " See also:

• FREE

free sea "), in See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, terms associated with the historic controversy which arose out of demands on the See also:

• PART

part of different states to assert exclusive dominion over areas of the open or high sea . Thus See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain laid claim to exclusive dominion over whole oceans, See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain to all her environing narrow seas and so on . These claims gave rise to vigorous opposition by other See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers and led to the publication of See also:

• GROTIUS, HUGO (1583-1645)

Grotius's See also:

• WORK

work (16o9) called Mare liberum . In Mare clausum (1635) See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• SELDEN, JOHN (1584–1654)

Selden endeavoured to prove that the sea was practically as capable of See also:

• APPROPRIATION (from Lat. appropriare, to set aside)

appropriation as territory . Owing to the conflict of claims which See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew out of the controversy, maritime states had to moderate their demands and See also:

• BASE

base their pretensions to maritime dominion on the principle that it extended seawards from See also:

• LAND

land . A See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula was found by See also:

• BYNKERSHOEK, CORNELIUS VAN (1673-1743)

Bynkershoek in his De dominio See also:

• MARIS, JACOB (1837-1899)

maris (1702) for the restriction of dominion over the sea to the actual distance to which See also:

• CANNON (a word common to Romance languages, from the Lat. canna, a reed, tube, with the addition of the augmentative termination -on, -one)

cannon range could protect it . This became universally adopted and See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed into the three-mile See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt (see TERRITORIAL See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

WATERS) . In See also:

• RECENT

recent times controversies have arisen in connexion with the Baltic, the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Sea and more especially the See also:

• BERING (BEHRING), VITUS (1680-1741)

Bering Sea . In the latter See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the See also:

• UNITED

United States, after the See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase of See also:

• ALASKA

Alaska, vainly attempted to assert dominion beyond the three-mile limit . Still more recently the hardship of treating the greater part of See also:

• MORAY

Moray See also:

• FIRTH, CHARLES HARDING (1857– )
• FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880)

Firth as open sea to the exclusion of See also:

• BRITISH

British and to the See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• FISHER
• FISHER, ALVAN (1792–1863)
• FISHER, GEORGE PARK (1827-1909)
• FISHER, JOHN (c. 1469-1535)
• FISHER, JOHN ARBUTHNOT FISHER, 1ST BARON

fisher-men has been raised (see See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

NORTH SEA See also:

• FISHERIES

FISHERIES See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

CONVENTION; TERRITORIAL WATERS) . Conventions for the suppression of the slave See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, including the See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of 1885, and the North Sea Fisheries Convention, have placed restrictions on the freedom of the high sea, and possibly, in the general See also:

• INTEREST

interest, other agreements will bring it further under See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control, on the principle that what is the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of all. nations must be used without detriment to its use by others (see HIGH SEAS) . (T .