See also:

• MARINES (from Lat. mare, sea)

MARINES (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• MARE

mare, See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea)  , the technical See also:

• TERM

term for See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-soldiers, i.e. troops appropriated and specially adapted to the requirements of maritime See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . This force—formerly (1694) styled " mariners "—is in origin, use and application peculiarly See also:

• BRITISH

British . The only other nation possessing a See also:

• SPECIAL

special force discharging exactly similar functions is the See also:

• UNITED

United States (see below) . In the armed forces of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

Powers See also:

• MARINES (from Lat. mare, sea)

marines and marine See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery are mentioned, but these troops have little in See also:

• COMMON

common with British and See also:

• AMERICAN

American marines . In See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France their duties are to See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison military forts and colonies and take See also:

• PART

part in marine and other See also:

• WARS

wars . In See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany they are used for See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence . In See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy they have a military organization, but not as complements .of sea-going See also:

• SHIPS

ships . The origin of the British marine force was an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order in See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council 1664, directing " 1200 See also:

• LAND

Land souldgers to be forthwith rayzed to be in readiness to be distributed in His See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

Majesty's fleete pre-pared for sea service." This See also:

• BODY

body was named the " See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral's See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment." At this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period land warfare had See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed a See also:

• SYSTEM

system and was waged by men organized, disciplined and trained . Sea warfare was See also:

• LEFT

left " to every See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's own conceit." War-ships were built to be manned in a See also:

• HURRY (or URRV), SIR JOHN (d. 165o)

hurry, by " the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press," when needed . Men were thus obtained by force and grouped without organization or previous training in ships . When no longer required they were turned adrift . The See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England's See also:

• FLEET

fleet was " a See also:

• PRODIGY

prodigy of wastefulness, corruption and indolence; no estimate could be trusted, no See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract was performed, no check was enforced." Such See also:

• OFFICERS

officers as had been " bred to the sea seemed a See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange and See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage See also:

• RACE

race." They robbed the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king and cheated the See also:

• SEAMEN, LAWS RELATING TO

seamen .

As regards land force, it was a violation of the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law to keep at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in the king's pay " any other body of armed men, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save as a guard for the royal See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person." On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand it was " illegal to land press men " in a See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, but soldiers " only required a little persuasion to land . " Thus by thrusting into See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• CHAOS

chaos and confusion a See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus ofdisciplined, trained and organized land troops, an expedient was found which offered a See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of the many See also:

• POLITICAL

political and administrative difficulties of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . This " Admiral's regiment." was the germ which by a See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• PROCESS

process of See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution during a period of over 235 years has produced not merely the marine forces, but the royal See also:

• NAVY

navy, organized, disciplined and trained as it is to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . In 1668 the experiment of the Admiral's regiment was extended . At a council held " to discourse about the fitness for entering men presently for See also:

• MANNING, HENRY EDWARD (1808-1892)

manning the fleete," King See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II . " cried very civilly, ` If ever you intend to man the fleet without being cheated by the captains and pursers, you may go to See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed and resolve never to have it manned.' " This seems to throw some See also:

• LIGHT

light on the council's order a few days later "to draw out and furnish such See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of His Majesty's See also:

• FOOT

Foot See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

Guards for His Majesty's service at sea this summer, as H.R.H. the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord high admiral of England, shall from time to time See also:

• DESIRE

desire." The men were to be paid and accounted for by their own officers . This maritime force subsequently disappeared, but two new regiments of " marines " were raised in 1694, the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons directing they " were to be employed in the service of the navy only." One regiment only was to be on See also:

• SHORE

shore at a time, and to be employed in the See also:

• DOCKYARDS

dockyards with extra pay . None of the officers were to be sea commanders, save two colonels . The intention was to make these regiments feeders for the navy, captains being ordered to See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report periodically " the names of such soldiers as shall in any measure be made seamen, and how far each of them is qualified toward being an able See also:

• SEAMAN, OWEN (1861– )

seaman." In 1697 these regiments were disbanded, but See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the reign of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne a number of regiments of marines were raised, and See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent companies of marines were also enlisted in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies . At the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• UTRECHT
• UTRECHT, TREATY OF

Utrecht (1713) the marines were disbanded, but reappeared in 1739 as part of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army; and in 1740 three regiments of marines were raised in See also:

• AMERICA

America, the colonels being appointed by the See also:

• CROWN

crown, the captains by the provinces . In 1747 the marine regiments were transferred from the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the secretary at war to that of the See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

admiralty, and the next See also:

• YEAR

year once more wholly disappeared on the treaty of See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) . During the preceding period of fifty-four years the marine force appeared and disappeared with war .

It was a military body, applied to naval purposes . Its See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main functions were threefold—(r) for fighting in ships; (2) for seizing and holding land positions necessary or advantageous to the naval operations of war; (3) for maintaining discipline of the ships, and by " expertness in handling arms to incite our seamen to the See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of them." Incidentally the force came to be regarded as so See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good a feeder for the navy that Admiral See also:

• VERNON
• VERNON, EDWARD (1684-1757)

Vernon (1739) urged " the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of converting most of our marching regiments into marines, and if, as they became seamen they were admitted to be discharged as such, that would make a good nursery for the breeding of them." The organization of the force waspurely military . Regiments were embarked in fleets, and distributed in the ships . The officers were interchangeable with those of the guards and See also:

• LINE

line . See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• CHURCHILL (MISSINNIPPI or ENGLISH)
• CHURCHILL, CHARLES (1731-1764)
• CHURCHILL, LORD RANDOLPH HENRY SPENCER (1849-1895)

Churchill (afterwards duke of See also:

• MARLBOROUGH
• MARLBOROUGH, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF (1650-1722)

Marlborough) and See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• ROOKE, SIR GEORGE (1650-1709)

Rooke (afterwards Admiral See also:

• SIR

Sir George Rooke) were together at one time ensigns of marines . During this period the marines were never regarded as a reserve for the fleet . The navy in peace did without them . The necessities of maritime war demanded a See also:

• MOBILE

mobile military force adapted to naval conditions and at naval disposal, and so in all naval operations during these eighty-four years the marines played a conspicuous part . The navy had been slowly groping towards a system . For example, sea officers had been granted a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform, and a naval See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy (1729) had been established for the See also:

• EDUCATION

education of See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young gentlemen for the sea service . But in its main features the navy remained in 1748 as it was in 1664 . The sailor was kidnapped and forced into ships, to become an outcast when no longer wanted .

The marine when not in a See also:

• SHIP

ship was comfortably housed and looked after by his officers in See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks on shore . In 1755 the marine force once more reappeared under the Admiralty, and from that date its See also:

• HISTORY

history has been continuous . But the regimental system was abandoned, and an entirely new the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official designation of the whole being Royal Marine Forces . In 1855 the marine See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps became light infantry, and in 1869 the See also:

• WOOLWICH

Woolwich See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division (added in 18o5) was abolished; and more recently a marine See also:

• DEPOT (from the Fr. depot, Lat. depositum, laid down; the French accent marks are usually dispensed with in English)

depot, as a feeder of the other divisions, was established at See also:

• WALMER

Walmer . The headquarters of the R.M.A. are at Eastney, See also:

• SOUTHSEA

Southsea . The divisions R.M.L.I. are at See also:

• GOSPORT

Gosport, See also:

• CHATHAM
• CHATHAM, WILLIAM PITT

Chatham and See also:

• DEVONPORT
• DEVONPORT, EAST

Devonport . The uniform of the R.M.A. is See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue with red facings, that of R.M.L.I. red with blue facings . The badge of both corps is the globe surrounded with the See also:

• LAUREL

laurel See also:

• WREATH (O. Eng. wry, from wriian, to twist)

wreath, with the See also:

• MOTTO (an Italian word, from Late Lat. muttum, a low sound, a mutter or murmur, cf. mutere, to mutter; the Latin word also gives Fr. mot, word)

motto " Per See also:

• MARE

mare per terram." The Royal Marine Forces See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share with the 3rd See also:

• BATTALION

Battalion See also:

• GRENADIER

Grenadier Guards, the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent Regiment (formerly the Buffs), and the Royal See also:

• LONDON

London See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

Militia the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of marching through the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of London with See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours flying, bands playing and bayonets fixed . This is due to a common See also:

• ORIGINAL

original association with the London See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train bands . principle of organization was applied . Companies were raised, and these companies were grouped into great depots, called divisions, at See also:

• PORTSMOUTH
• PORTSMOUTH, EARLS OF
• PORTSMOUTH, LOUISE DE

Portsmouth, See also:

• PLYMOUTH
• PLYMOUTH, EARLS OF

Plymouth and Chatham . At these divisions this force could be increased and reduced at See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure, without disturbing the basis of organization, and from them could be supplied as many or as few sea-soldiers as fleets or ships needed, while preserving in the varying See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units so provided all the essentials of uniformity of system, See also:

• DRILL

drill, training, ties of comradeship and esprit de corps .

This force then and for ninety-eight years afterwards was the only continuously trained, disciplined and organized fighting force placed by the country at the disposal of naval officers . On the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of this new marine force the See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase of commissions was abolished, but interchange with the army was for a time permitted . When embarked, marines were under the naval See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of discipline; when on shore, under the marine See also:

• MUTINY
• MUTINY (from an old verb " mutine," O. Fr. mutin, meutin, a sedition; cf. mod. Fr. emeute; the original is the Late Lat. mota, commotion, from movere, to move)

Mutiny See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act, identical with that of the army . When the seamen of the fleet mutinied at the See also:

• NORE, THE

Nore, at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and turned their officers out of the ships, the marines, undaunted, stood See also:

• FIRM

firm by theirs . Mutiny lurked beneath the See also:

• DECK

deck of many a ship before and See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long years after that event . The control of admirals and captains over their own men was See also:

• PRECARIOUS

precarious in the extreme . This was the natural result of the country's neglect of its sea-men . The discipline of the fleet in those days rested on the firm bayonets of the marines . What England owes to them may be gathered from Lord St See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent's recorded testimony: " There never was an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal made to them for See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour, courage or See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty, that they did not more than realize my highest expectation . If ever real danger should come to England, the marines will be found the country's See also:

• SHEET

sheet-See also:

• ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

anchor." At his See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest solicitation the marines were made a royal corps in 1802 . It is worthy of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note that in those days of masts, yards, sails and pure See also:

• SEAMANSHIP

seamanship, this greatest of naval statesmen, this matchless naval strategist, whose See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical experience of maritime war was unrivalled, strenuously advocated as the true policy for England what in these days of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam and mastless ships would be scouted and ridiculed . It was to make service afloat as marines a part of the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of every regiment of the line in rotation .

Down to 1804 the marines were an infantry force; the improvement in artillery towards the close of the century had necessitated the occasional putting into the fleet of detachments of Royal Artillery . This, as regards gunnery duties in the fleet, was repeating on a smaller See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale the expedient adopted in the time of Charles II . So much See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction arose between the naval and the artillery officers that a special corps of Royal Marine Artillery was raised in 1804, on the recommendation of See also:

• NELSON
• NELSON, HORATIO NELSON, VISCOUNT (1758-1805)
• NELSON, ROBERT (s656-1715)

Nelson . This special corps fulfilled the expectations of its founders . It was charged with the care, equipment and working of the larger See also:

• ORDNANCE (a syncopated form of " ordinance " or " ordonnance," so spelt in this sense since the 17th century)

ordnance afloat and See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field-guns ashore, and was employed also as a body of gunnery instructors to the fleet . In 1831, a certain number of naval officers being thought to be sufficiently trained in gunnery, this corps, of which See also:

• NAPIER
• NAPIER, JOHN (1550-1617)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES (1786-1860)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES JAMES (1782-1853)
• NAPIER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS PATRICK (1785-1860)

Napier wrote, " Never in my See also:

• LIFE

life have I seen soldiers like the Royal Marine Artillery," was, without warning, abolished . Then the marine force ceased to be composed of two corps, artillery and infantry, and it reverted to a single one of infantry . Very soon afterwards, however, the Admiralty began to build up what they had so suddenly and ruthlessly destroyed, by ordering the See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion of one See also:

• COMPANY

company of each infantry marine division into artillery . The number of these artillery companies gradually increased, and were grouped in a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate depot . Just as the wars from Charles II. to George III. had demanded marines, so the See also:

• CRIMEAN

Crimean War led to their increase . Thus in 1859 the artillery companies of marines were formed into a separate division, and in 1862 the old name of Royal Marine Artillery was restored . The marines thus became once more and still remain two corps, War Services.—To describe these would be to See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review the wars waged by England by sea and by land for over 200 years .

In every sea fight, great or small, marines have taken. part, and on every See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent they have served in big and little wars, sometimes as part of the army, sometimes with naval contingents, sometimes alone . Throughout the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic war the marines took part in every sort of operation afloat and ashore . During the Crimean War, See also:

• MORTAR

mortar-See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat flotillas in the Baltic and See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Sea were commanded and manned by R.M.A., while comrades in the same corps served with the Royal Artillery in the trenches before Sebastopol—a marine infantry See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade occupying the heights of Balaclava . During the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Mutiny, marines (artillery and infantry) served with the Naval Brigade under See also:

• PEEL
• PEEL, ARTHUR WELLESLEY PEEL, 1ST VISCOUNT (1829- )
• PEEL, SIR ROBERT, BART

Peel . In the See also:

• CHINA

China wars batteries and brigades of the marine force played a prominent part, and likewise were represented in all the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian and See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns, 1881 to 1898 . In one See also:

• ACTION

action the R.M.A. gunners came to the See also:

• RELIEF

relief of the Royal See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

Horse Artillery when exhausted, and fought their guns; in another the R.M.A., out of the debris of the enemy's See also:

• KRUPP, ALFRED (1812—1887)

Krupp guns captured, built up one See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• GUN

gun and fought it with effect; in the final See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign gunboats were brought up in pieces, put together and fought by a detachment of the R.M.A . In 1899 in the See also:

• BOER

Boer War the marine artillery and infantry took part with the Naval Brigade, maintaining their historic reputation, and at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Enslin their losses were exceptionally severe . Characteristics of Marine System.—The recruit first goes to the depot at Walmer, and is trained as a soldier before joining his division to complete instruction as a marine . His division is his permanent military home, from which he goes on service and to which he returns at its conclusion . Restrictions on See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, necessary under the army system, are not necessary in the marine forces . The permanent home of the wife and See also:

• FAMILY

family is not broken up by the marine going abroad; the wife thus can continue any See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• GOODWILL

goodwill in any business her See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry may secure . This fixed home enables a marine to learn a See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in the workshops of his division which See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply the clothing, &c., to the corps .

Marines are enlisted for 12 years, and if of good See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character they can re-engage to complete 21 years, entitling to See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension . The periods of service abroad for marines are shorter (generally 3 years), but more constantly recurrent than for the army . The administrative, as distinct from the instructional, See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff necessary for a marine division is more See also:

• SIMPLE

simple and less expensive than that of a numerical army See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent expressed in regiments., The system of pay and accounts is also less complex . The following table shows the relative proportions of marine forces to the whole navy at different periods up to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AFRICAN

African War of 1899: The above table indicates a See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in naval policy and practice as regards marines . It will be observed that, concurrently with the, gradual disappearance of masts, sails and yards, the proportion of marines has steadily declined . Down to very See also:

• RECENT

recent times the marine spent more time ashore than afloat . Now the See also:

• REVERSE

reverse is the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case . By the introduction of the Continuous Service Act 1853, the blue-jacket was placed on exactly the same footing as the marine in respect 1 Including 22,289 of the engineer See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch providing the locomotion of See also:

• MODERN

modern ships—just as seamen from 1805–1858 provided it for ships of the past . Year . P P r Marines . See also:

• GRAND

Grand Maritime . MPercent .

Nature of Ships . Officers Officers See also:

• TOTAL

Total . Peace or arines and Men. and men, war. to Total Forces . 18o5 90,000 30,000 120,000 War 25 Sailing . (See also:

• TRAFALGAR, BATTLE OF

Trafalgar) 1838 23,165 9,000 32,165 28 Sailing . 1858 40,219 14,919 55,138 peace 27 Sailing with See also:

• AUXILIARY (from Lat. auxilium, help)

auxiliary steam . 1878 42,046 13,727 55,773 J(l 24 Steam with auxiliary See also:

• SAIL

sail . 1898 78,441` 17,099 95,540 17 Steam and mastless ships . of conditions of service and pension, and now the blue-jacket when not afloat is quartered in barracks . The main difference between the blue-jacket and marine is the See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress and the pay . The blue-jacket is better paid than the marine . As regards opportunity of discipline, there is now no difference; and in See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, all the reasons for the existence of a marine force have disappeared except as regards duties on shore incidental to naval operations of war, e.g. the holding of ports and the seizing of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor positions necessary to See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution of maritime war .

The facts that modern ships cannot now as formerly carry a supernumerary force sufficient for such purposes, and are more dependent on fixed bases of supply and repair than in old days, point to a different method of using and applying the marine force to the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole purpose for which they are now necessary as a distinct branch of the naval service . If employed at the headquarters of a naval station, their efficiency as marines could be preserved by occasional embarcation of the officers and men in rotation . The substitution of marine for army garrisons at coaling stations would also relieve the army of a class of duties incidental to naval warfare which the marine force formerly performed, and which prejudicially affects the organization and arrangement of the army as a mobile field force . Marine Corps, United States.—This See also:

• DATES

dates from the establishment of the American navy . It is a wholly separate military body, though under the control of the Navy See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department . It was formed in 1775, and it has a history of brilliant services rendered by land and sea in all the wars of America since that date . The headquarters of the corps are at See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, and the strength of the corps was fixed by Act of See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 3, 1899) at 211 officers and J920 non-commissioned officers and men . Its organization and system are based on the British See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model, and the dress corresponds to that of the United States army . The corps is commanded by a brigadier-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general who bears to the secretary a relation similar to that of a See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

bureau . Although the organization closely follows the army system, regimental or even permanent battalion organizations are impracticable, owing to their numerous and widely-separated stations . Practically all shore stations have barracks where marines are enlisted and drilled . At these places they also do sentry, See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police and orderly duties .

From such stations they are sent to ships for sea duty . Nearly all ships carry a body of marines known as the guard, varying in See also:

• SIZE

size from a few men commanded by a sergeant, on small ships, to eighty or more, with one or more commissioned officers, on large vessels . It is customary to cause all marines to serve at sea three of the four years of each enlistment . On See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board ship they perform sentry and orderly duty, and assist in police duties . They are also instructed in many exercises pertaining to the navy, as See also:

• ROWING (O. Eng. rowan, to row, cf. Lat. remus, Gr. perµbr, oar)

rowing, naval signalling, gun drill, &c . In action they act as riflemen, and on many ships serve a portion of the guns . When circumstances require a force to be landed from ships See also:

• PRESENT

present to guard American interests in foreign countries, legations, &c., the marine guard is usually sent, though, if numerically insufficient, sailors are landed also . Marines also garrison places beyond the territorial limits of the United States which are under navy control . Candidates for first enlistment must be between the ages of 21 and 35 and unmarried, must be citizens of the United States, be able to read, write and speak See also:

• ENGLISH

English, and pass a See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical examination . Second lieutenants are appointed from See also:

• CIVIL

civil life after examination or from the graduates of the Naval Academy . Promotion is by seniority as in the navy . Admiral See also:

• FARRAGUT, DAVID GLASGOW (1801-1870)

Farragut's See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that " the marine guard is one of the great essentials of a man-of-war " is corroborated by that of Admiral Wilkes, who considered that " marines constituted the great difference between a man-of-war and a See also:

• PRIVATEER

privateer." In the famous battles between the " Bonhomme See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard " and " See also:

• SERAPIS

Serapis " in 1777, and in that between the " Chesapeake " and " See also:

• SHANNON
• SHANNON, CHARLES HAZELWOOD (1865- )
• SHANNON, JAMES JEBUSA (1862- )

Shannon," the American marines displayed brilliant gallantry; and while on the one hand they at Derne in 1803 first planted the American See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag on a fortress of the Old See also:

• WORLD

World, for which exploit " See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

Tripoli " is inscribed on their colours, they on the other shared in the hard fighting of the Mexican \See also:

• VAR

Var as well as all the important coast actions of the Civil War of 1861-65 .

A proposal to incorporate them with the army after the struggle met with universal condemnation from the authorities best qualified to See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge of their value . A brigade of three battalions served in the Philippines in 1899 . Their See also:

• DEVICE

device is a globe resting on an anchor and surmounted by an See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle . " Ever faithful " is the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title which See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain Luce. the historian of the force, appropriately applies to them . (J . C . R .