See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

MARL (from O. Fr. marle, See also:

• LATE

Late See also:

• LAT

Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)  , a calcareous See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay, or a mixture of carbonate of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime with argillaceous See also:

• MATTER

matter . It is impossible to give a strict See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition of a See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

marl, for the See also:

• TERM

term is applied to a See also:

• GREAT

great variety of rocks and soils with a considerable range of See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition . On the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the marls See also:

• GRADUATE (Med. Lat. graduale, to admit to an academical degree, gradus)

graduate into See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays by diminution in the amount of lime that they contain, and on the other hand they pass into argillaceous limestones (see LIME-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

STONE) . From 25—75% of carbonate of lime may be regarded as characteristic of the marls . But in popular usage many substances are called marls which would not be included under the definition given here . The practice formerly much in See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue of See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top-dressing See also:

• LAND

land with marls, and the use of many different kinds of See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth and clay for that purpose, has led to a very See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general misapplication of the term; for all sorts of rotted See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, some being of igneous origin while others are See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain-See also:

• WASH, THE

wash, loams, and various superficial deposits, have been called " marls " in different parts of See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, if only it was believed that an application of them to the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields would result in increased fertility . The typical marls are soft, earthy, and of a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey or brownish See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour . Many of them disintegrate in See also:

• WATER

water; and they are readily attacked by dilute hydrochloric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, which dissolves the carbonate of lime rapidly, giving off bubbles of See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon dioxide . The lime of some marls is See also:

• PRESENT

present in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of shells, whole or broken; in others it is a See also:

• FINE

fine impalpable See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder mixed with the clay . In many marls there is organic matter (plant fragments or humus) . See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

Sand is usually not abundant but is rarely absent . See also:

• GYPSUM

Gypsum occurs in some marls, occasionally in large See also:

• SIMPLE

simple crystals with the form of See also:

• LOZENGE (from the Fr. losenge, or losange; the word also appears in Span. losanje, and Ital. losanga; perhaps derived from a word meaning a stone slab laid on a grave, which appears in forms such as Provencal lousa, Span. losa, the ultimate origin of whic

lozenge-shaped plates or in twinned See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups resembling an arrow-See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head; fine examples of these are obtained in the marls of Montmartre near See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where See also:

• CELESTINE (CAELESTINUS)
• CELESTINE, or CELESTITE

celestine (See also:

• STRONTIUM [Symbol Sr, atomic weight 87.62 (0=16)]

strontium sulphate) occurs also in nodular or concretionary masses .

Large crystals of See also:

• CALCITE

calcite or of See also:

• DOLOMITE

dolomite, lumps of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• PYRITES

pyrites or radiate nodules of See also:

• MARCASITE

marcasite, and small crystals of See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz are found in certain marl deposits; and in See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia the marls of the Senonian (See also:

• PART

part of the Cretaceous See also:

• SYSTEM

system) at Ilamm yield masses of See also:

• STRONTIANITE

strontianite up to two feet in length . A very large variety of See also:

• ACCESSORY

accessory minerals may be proved to exist in marls by microscopic examination . The rocks known as See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell marls are found in many parts of Britain and other See also:

• NORTHERN

northern countries, and are much valued by farmers as a source of carbonate of lime, though rarely burned to produce quicklime . They are generally obtained by digging pits in marshy spots or meadows, and often occur below considerable thicknesses of See also:

• PEAT (possibly connected with Med. Lat. petia, pecia, piece, ultimately of Celtic origin; cf. O. Celt. pet, O. Ir. pit, Welsh peth, portion)

peat . Large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of shells of fresh-water See also:

• MOLLUSCA

mollusca are scattered through a See also:

• MATRIX

matrix of clay ; usually retaining their shapes though they are in a friable and semi-decomposed See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . The See also:

• SPECIES

species represented are very few, and from their unbroken state it is obvious that they have not been transported but lived in the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place where their remains are found . As mollusca of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind thrive best in open stretches of clear water, the sites of the marl deposits must have been shallow lakes and open pools . Among the older strata it is not uncommon to find beds which have the same composition and in many cases the same origin as shell marl . While some of them are fresh-water deposits, others are of marine origin . The " See also:

• CRAG (a Celtic word, cf. Gael. creag, Manx creg, and Welsh and modern Scots craig)

crag beds " of the See also:

• PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

Pliocene formation in See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk, See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk and See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex are essentially sand and See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel, which are often See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in shells; with them occur clays such as the Chillesford clay; and many of these beds have actually been used as marls for dressing the surface of agricultural land . Better examples occur among the Oligocene beds of the See also:

• HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin and the Isle of See also:

• WIGHT, ISLE OF

Wight, where the Steadon, Bembridge and Hempstead marls are clays, more or less sandy, containing fresh-water shells . In the Cretaceous rocks of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England soft argillaceous limestones of marine origin, which may be described as marls, occur on several horizons .

At its See also:

• BASE

base the white See also:

• CHALK

chalk is often mixed with clay, and the " chalk marl " is a rock of this kind; it is known in See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge-See also:

• SHIRE

shire, at See also:

• FOLKESTONE

Folkestone, in the Isle of Wight, &c . The chloritic marl, which underlies the chalk and is well See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the Isle of Wight, is a greenish argillaceous See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, the colour being due to the presence of See also:

• GLAUCONITE

glauconite, not of See also:

• CHLORITE

chlorite; it is often very fossiliferous . The See also:

• GAULT

Gault, an argillaceous type of the Upper See also:

• GREENSAND

Greensand, is a stiff greyish calcareous clay, beneath the white chalk, well known for the excellent preservation of its fossils . It outcrops along the base of the escarpment of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North and South See also:

• DOWNS

Downs; the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original name given to it by See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith was " the See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue marl." In the See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic rocks of England there are marls or shelly fresh-water clays in the Purbeck See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series and also in the estuarine beds of the Great Oolite, but the name " marlstone " has See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been reserved for the argillaceous limestone of the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle See also:

• LIAS

Lias . It ranges from the See also:

• DORSET, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Dorset See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, through Edge See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill in See also:

• WARWICKSHIRE

Warwickshire and See also:

• LINCOLNSHIRE

Lincolnshire, and thence to the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea in the north of See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, presenting many See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in this long extent of See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and often accompanied by, or converted into, beds of clay ironstone . The marlstone is typically a See also:

• FIRM

firm, greyish limestone weathering to a rusty See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown colour, and is always more or less argillaceous . In the Triassic rocks of Britain there is a very important series of red, See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green and mottled clays, over a thousand feet thick in some places, which have been called the New Red marls . They belong to the See also:

• KEUPER

Keuper or uppermost See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the system, and in See also:

• CHESHIRE

Cheshire contain• valuable deposits of rock See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• SOURCES

sources of that See also:

• MINERAL

mineral in Great Britain . In the strict sense these rocks are not marls, being ferruginous clays rather than calcareous clays . Most of them appear to have been laid down in saline lakes in See also:

• DESERT

desert regions . As a See also:

• RULE

rule they contain very few fossils, and often they have little or no carbonate of lime, but beds and See also:

• VEINS

veins of fibrous gypsum occur in them in considerable profusion . These rocks See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover a wide See also:

• AREA

area in the midland counties extending to the south coast near See also:

• EXMOUTH
• EXMOUTH, EDWARD PELLEW, 1ST VISCOUNT (1757-1833)

Exmouth, and reappear in the north in the Vale of See also:

• EDEN
• EDEN, SIR ASHLEY (1831-1887)

Eden and a few places in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland .

The clays are used for See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick-making, and yield a stiff See also:

• SOIL

soil, mostly devoted to pasture and See also:

• DAIRY

dairy farming . In the See also:

• RHAETIC (Fr. Rhetien or Rhcetien; Ger. Rhdt or Rhktisch; It. Retico)

Rhaetic beds which immediately overlie the Triassic rocks there are three seams of calcareous clay, often only a few feet thick, which have been called the " grey marls " and the " See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea-green marls." To rocks older than these the name marl has not often been given, probably because, though argillaceous limestones are often See also:

• COMMON

common in the Carboniferous and See also:

• SILURIAN

Silurian rocks, they are usually firm and compact, while marls usually comprise rocks which are more or less soft and friable . In other countries, and especially in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, many different kinds of marl and of marl-See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate are described . Two of these are of especial importance—the dark See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper-bearing marl slate of the See also:

• PERMIAN

Permian rocks near See also:

• MANSFELD

Mansfeld in Germany, which has been long and extensively worked as sources of copper, and the white or creamy Solenhofen limestone, much quarried in See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, and used as a lithographic stone . (J . S .