See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

DUKE OF See also:

• RAGUSA
• RAGUSA (Serbo-Croatian Dubrovnik)

RAGUSA AUGUSTE See also:

• FREDERIC, HAROLD (1856-1898)

FREDERIC See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

LOUIS VIESSE DE See also:

• DUKE OF RAGUSA AUGUSTE FREDERIC LOUIS VIESSE DE MARMONT (1774–1852)

MARMONT (1774–1852)  , See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Chatillonsur-See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine, on the loth of See also:

• JULY

July 1774 . He was the son of an ex-officer in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army who belonged to the petite noblesse and adopted the principles of the Revolution . His love of soldiering soon showing itself, his See also:

• FATHER

father took him to See also:

• DIJON

Dijon to learn See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to entering the See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery, and there he made the acquaintance of See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte, which he renewed after obtaining his See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission when he served in See also:

• TOULON

Toulon . The acquaintance ripened into intimacy; See also:

• MARMONT, AUGUSTE FREDERIC LOUIS VIESSE DE, DUKE OF RAGUSA (1774–1852)

Marmont became See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Bonaparte's aide-de-See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp, remained with him during his disgrace and accompanied him to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, winning distinction and promotion to general of See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade . In 1799 he returned to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe with his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief; he was See also:

• PRESENT

present at the coup d'etat of the 18th See also:

• BRUMAIRE

Brumaire, and organized the artillery for the expedition to Italy, which he commanded with See also:

• GREAT

great effect at See also:

• MARENGO

Marengo . For this he was at once made general of See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division . In 18or he became inspector-general of artillery, and in 1804 See also:

• GRAND

grand officer of the See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour, but was greatly disappointed at being omitted from the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of See also:

• OFFICERS

officers who were made marshals . In 1805 he received the command of a See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, with which he did See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good service at See also:

• ULM

Ulm . He was then directed to take See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of See also:

• DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)

Dalmatia with his army, and occupied See also:

• RAGUSA
• RAGUSA (Serbo-Croatian Dubrovnik)

Ragusa . For the next five years he was military and See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Dalmatia, and traces of his beneficent regime still survive both in great public See also:

• WORKS

works and in the memories of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people . In 18o8 he was made See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Ragusa, and in 1809, being summoned by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon to take See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, he marched to See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna and See also:

• BORE

bore a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the closing operations of the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign . Napoleon now made him a marshal and governor-general of all the Illyrian provinces of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire .

In July 18ro Marmont was hastily summoned to succeed See also:

• MASSENA, ANDRE, or ANDREA

Massena in the command of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French army in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . The skill with which he manoeuvred his army during the See also:

• YEAR

year he commanded it has been always acknowledged . His See also:

• RELIEF

relief of See also:

• CIUDAD

Ciudad Rodrigo in the autumn of 1811 in spite of the presence of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English army was a great feat, and in the manoeuvring which preceded the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• SALAMANCA
• SALAMANCA (anc. Salmantica or Elmantica)

Salamanca he had the best of it . But See also:

• WELLINGTON
• WELLINGTON, ARTHUR WELLESLEY, 1ST DUKE OF (1769-1852)

Wellington more than retrieved his position in the battle (see SALAMANCA), and inflicted a severe defeat on the French, Marmont himself being gravely wounded in the right See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm and See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . He retired to France to recover, and was still hardly cured when in See also:

• APRIL

April 1813 Napoleon, who soon forgot his fleeting resentment for the defeat, gave him the command of a corps . With it he served at the battles of Ltitzen, See also:

• BAUTZEN (Wendish Budissin, " town ")

Bautzen and See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden, and throughout the great defensive campaign of 1814 until the last battle before See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, from which he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew back his forces to the commanding position of Essonne . Here he had 20,000 men in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and was the See also:

• PIVOT (Fr. pivot; probably connected with Ital. pivolo, peg, pin, diminutive of piva, pipa, pipe)

pivot of all thoughts . Napoleon said of this camp of Essonne, " C'est la que viendront s'addresser toutes See also:

• LES

les intrigues, toutes les trahisons; aussi y ai-je See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place Marmont, mon enfant eleve sous ma tente." Marmont then took upon himself a See also:

• POLITICAL

political role which has, no doubt justly, been stigmatized as ungrateful and treasonable . A See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention was concluded, and Marmont's corps was surrounded by the enemy . Napoleon, who still hoped to retain the See also:

• CROWN

crown for his See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant son, was prostrated, and said with a sadness deeper than violent words, " Marmont me See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

porte le dernier coup." This See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act was never forgiven by Marmont's countrymen . On the restoration of the Bourbons he was indeed made a peer of France and a See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major-general of the royal guard, and' in 1820 a See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight of the See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Esprit and a grand officer of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis; but he was never trusted . He was the major-general of the guard on See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty in July 183o, and was ordered to put down with a strong hand any opposition to the ordinances (see FRANCE) .

Himself opposed to the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court policy, he yet tried to do his duty, and only gave up the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to suppress the revolution when it became clear that his troops were outmatched . This brought more obloquy upon him, and the duc d'See also:

• ANGOULEME
• ANGOULEME, CHARLES DE VALOIS, DUKE OF (1573-1650)

Angouleme even ordered him under See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest, saying, " Will you betray us, as you betrayed him?" Marmont did not betray them; he accompanied the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king into See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile and forfeited his marshalate thereby . His See also:

• DESIRE

desire to return to France was never gratified and he wandered in central and eastern Europe, settling finally in Vienna, where he was well received by the Austrian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, and See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange to say made See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor to the duke of See also:

• REICHSTADT, NAPOLEON FRANCIS JOSEPH CHARLES

Reichstadt, the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man who had once for a few See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks been styled Napoleon II . He died at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice on the 22nd of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1852 . Much of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in his last years was spent upon his Memoires, which are of great value for the military See also:

• HISTORY

history of his time, though they must be read as a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of himself in various junctures rather than as an unbiased See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his times . They show Marmont, as he really was, an embittered man, who never thought his services sufficiently requited, and above all, a man too much in love with himself and his own See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory to be a true friend or a faithful servant . His See also:

• STRATEGY

strategy indeed tended to become pure virtuosity, and his See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics, though neat, appear frigid and antiquated when contrasted with those of the instinctive leaders, the fighting generals whom the theorists affect to despise . But his military See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius is undeniable, and he was as far See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to the See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere theorist as See also:

• LANNES, JEAN

Lannes and See also:

• DAVOUT, LOUIS NICOLAS

Davout were to the pure divisionnaire or " fighting " general . His works are Voyage en Hongrie, &c . (4 vols., 1837); Voyage en Sicile (1838) ; Esprit See also:

• DES

des institutions militaires (1845) ; Cesar; See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon; and Memoires (8 vols., published after his See also:

• DEATH

death in 1856) . See the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and careful See also:

• NOTICE

notice by Sainte-Beuve, Causeries du Lundi, vol. vi .