See also:

• MARONITES (Arab. Mawarina)

MARONITES (Arab. Mawarina)  , a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• PEOPLE

people of the See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire in communion with the Papal See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, but forming a distinct See also:

• DENOMINATION (Lat. denominare, to give a specific name to)

denomination . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original seat and See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the See also:

• MARONITES (Arab. Mawarina)

Maronites is Mt See also:

• LEBANON
• LEBANON (from Semitic laban, " to be white," or " whitish," probably referring not to snow, but to the bare white walls ofchalk or limestone which form the characteristic feature of the whole range)

Lebanon; but they are also to be found in considerable force in See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

Anti-Lebanon and See also:

• HERMON

Hermon, and more sporadically in and near See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch, in See also:

• GALILEE
• GALILEE (Heb. 5'S?, " border " or " ring," Gr. I'aXi?aia)
• GALILEE, SEA OF

Galilee, and on the Syrian See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . Colonies exist in See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus (with a large See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent near Cape Kormakiti), in See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria, and in the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America . These began to be formed during the troubles of 186o . The Lebanon community See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers about 300,000, and the See also:

• TOTAL

total of the whole denomination cannot be much under See also:

• HALF

half a million . The origin of Maronism has been much obscured by the efforts of learned Maronites like Yusuf as-Simani (Assemanus), Vatican librarian under See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement XII., Faustus Nairon, See also:

• GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

Gabriel Sionita and See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham See also:

• ECCHELLENSIS (or ECHELLENSIS), ABRAHAM (d. 1664)

Ecchellensis to clear its See also:

• HISTORY

history from all taint of See also:

• HERESY

heresy . We are told of an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Antiochene, See also:

• MAR, EARLDOM OF
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 1ST OR 6TH EARL OF (d. 1572)
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 2ND OR 7TH EARL
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 6TH OR 11TH EARL OF (1675-1732)

Mar Marun or Maro, who died about A.D . 400 in the odour of sanctity in a convent at Rihla on the See also:

• ORONTES

Orontes, whence orthodoxy spread over See also:

• MID

mid-See also:

• SYRIA

Syria . But nothing sure is known of him, and not much more about a more See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical personage, Yuhanna Marun (See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Sirimensis of Suedia), said to have been See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch of Antioch, to have converted Lebanon from Monothelism, and to have died in A.D . 707 . It is, however, certain that the Lebanon Christians as a whole were not orthodox in the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of Justinian II., against whose supporters, the Melkites, they ranged themselves after having co-operated awhile with the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor against the Moslems . They were then called Mardaites or rebels, and were mainly Monothelite in the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and remained largely so even a century later .

The last two facts are attested by See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of See also:

• TYRE (Phoen. and Hebr. =" rock," Assyr. S'urru, Egypt. Dara, Early Lat. Sarra)

Tyre and Barhebraeus . It seems most probable that the Lebanon offered See also:

• REFUGE

refuge to Antiochene See also:

• MONOTHELITES (µovoOe? rai, monothelitae, from Gr. phvos, only, OEXe.v, to will)

Monothelites flying from the See also:

• BAN

ban of the Constantinopolitan See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of A.D, 68o; that these converted See also:

• PART

part of the old See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain folk, who alreadyheld some See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of Incarnationist creed; and that their first patriarch and his successors, for about 500 years at any See also:

• RATE

rate, were Monothelite, and perhaps also Monophysite . It is See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth noting that even as See also:

• LATE

late as the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 16th century the Maronite patriarch found it necessary to protest by See also:

• ANATHEMA (from Gr. avarz6 'cu, to lift up)

anathema against imputations of heresy . In 1182 it is said that Amaury, patriarch of Antioch, induced some Maronite bishops, who had fallen under crusading influences, to rally to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome; and a definite See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of the Maronite Church into the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman communion took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at the Council of See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence in 1445 . But it is evident that the See also:

• LOCAL

local particularism of the Lebanon was adverse to this See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union, and that even See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory XIII., who sent the See also:

• PALLIUM

pallium to the patriarch See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael, and Clement VII. who in 1596 dispatched a See also:

• MISSION

mission to a See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod convoked at Kannobin, the old patriarchal See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, did not prevail on the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy or the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of the Maronites . A century and a half later Clement XII. was more successful . He sent to Syria, Assemanus, a Maronite educated at the Roman See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of Gregory XIII.; and at last, at a council held at the monastery of Lowaizi on the 3oth of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1736, the Maronite Church accepted from Rome a constitution which is still in force, and agreed to abandon some of its more incongruous usages such as mixed convents of monks and nuns . It retained, however, its See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac See also:

• LITURGY (Low Lat. liturgia; Gr. X€Zros, public, and Epyov, work; )Aetrovpy6s, a public servant)

liturgy and a non-celibate priesthood' . The former still persists unchanged, while the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible is read and exhortations are given in Arabic; and priests may still be ordained after See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage . But marriage is not permitted subsequent to ordination, nor does it any longer usually precede it . The tendency to a celibate clergy increases, together with other romanizing usages, promoted by the papal See also:

• LEGATE (Lat. legatus, past part. of legare, to send as deputy)
• LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1575-1612)

legate in See also:

• BEIRUT

Beirut, the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic missioners, and the higher native clergy who are usually educated in Rome or at St Sulpice . The legate exercises growing See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on patriarchal and other elections, and on Church See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and discipline .

The patriarch receives See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation from Rome, and the See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of the Maronites at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople is in the hands of the See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar apostolic . Rome has incorporated most of the Maronite See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints in her See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar, while refusing (despite their apologists) to canonize either of the reputed See also:

• EPONYMOUS

eponymous founders of Maronism . While retaining many local usages, the Maronite Church does not differ now in anything essential from the Papal, either in See also:

• DOGMA (Gr. Sbypa, from b6aeiv, to seem; literally " that which seems, sc. good or true or useful " to any one)

dogma or practice . It has, like the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Church, two kinds of clergy—parochial and monastic . The former are supported by their parishes; the latter by the revenues of the monasteries, which own about one-See also:

• SIXTH

sixth of the Lebanon lands . There are some 1400 monks in about 120 monastic establishments (many of these being See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere farms in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of one or two monks) . All are of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of St See also:

• ANTHONY, SAINT
• ANTHONY, SUSAN BROWNELL (1820-1906)

Anthony, but divided into three congregations, the Ishaya, the Halebiyeh (Aleppine) and the Beladiyeh or Libnaniyeh (local) . The distinction of the last named See also:

• DATES

dates only from the early 18th century . The lower clergy are educated at the theological college of See also:

• AIN

Ain Warka . There are five archbishoprics and five bishoprics under the patriarch, who alone can consecrate . The See also:

• SEES

sees are See also:

• ALEPPO (native Haleb)

Aleppo, See also:

• BAALBEK
• BAALBEK (anc. Heliopolis)

Baalbek, See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

Tripoli, Ehden, See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus, Beirut, Tyre, Cyprus and See also:

• JEBEIL (anc. Gebal-Byblus)

Jebeil (held by the patriarch himself ex officio) . There are also four prelates in partibus .

The Maronites are most numerous and unmixed in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of Lebanon (districts of Bsherreh and Kesrawan) . Formerly they were wholly organized on a See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan See also:

• SYSTEM

system under feudal chiefs, of whom those of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Khazin were the most powerful; and these fought among themselves rather than with the See also:

• DRUSES
• DRUSES, or DRUZES (Arab. Druz)

Druses or other denominations down to the 18th century, when the Arab See also:

• FAMILY

family of Shehab for its own purposes began to stir up strife between Maronites and . Druses (see DRUSES) . See also:

• FEUDALISM
• FEUDALISM (from Late Lat. feodum or feudum, a fee or fiel; see FEE)

Feudalism died hard, but since 186o has been practically See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct; and so far as the Maronites own a See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of their own people it is the " Patriarch of Antioch and the whole See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East," who resides at Bkerkeh near Beirut in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, and at a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill station (Bdiman or Raifun) in summer . The latter, however, has no recognized See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction except over his clergy . The Maronites have four members on the provincial council, two of whom are the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole representatives of the two mudirats of Kesrawan; and they have derived benefit from the fact that so far the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the privileged See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province has always been a Catholic (see LEBANON) . The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of them, which dates from See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV., is no longer operative but to French See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official representatives is still accorded a courteous See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence . The Maronite See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population has greatly increased at the expense of the Druses, and is now obliged to emigrate in considerable numbers . Increase of See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and the influence of returned emigrants tend to soften Maronite See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and the last remnants of the barbarous See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the community—even the obstinate See also:

• BLOOD

blood-See also:

• FEUD

feud—are disappearing . See C . F . Schnurrer, De See also:

• ECCLESIA (Gr. EKKX ria, from Lc, out, and Ka)teiv, to call)

ecclesia Maronitica (181o); F .

J . See also:

• BLISS, CORNELIUS NEWTON (1833– )

Bliss in See also:

• PAL, KRISTO DAS (1839–1884)

Pal . Expl .