MARQUESAS  or MENDANA ISLANDS (Fr . See also:

• LES

Les Marquises), an See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

archipelago of the Pacific Ocean lying between 7° 5o' and o° 35' S. and 138° 5o' and 140° 50' W., and belonging to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . It extends over 250 M. from S.E. to N.W., and has a See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area of 490 sq. m . The See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern or Mendana See also:

• GROUP

group consists of the islands Fatuhiva or Magdalena, Motane or See also:

• SAN

San Pedro, Tahuata or See also:

• SANTA

Santa See also:

• CHRISTINA (1626–1689)
• CHRISTINA [MARIA CHRISTINA HENRIETTA DESIREE FELICITE RENIERE]

Christina and Hivaoa or See also:

• DOMINICA

Dominica, the last with a See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-See also:

• LINE

line of more than 6o m . With these is often included the rocky islet of Fatuhuku or See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

Hood, lying in See also:

• MID

mid-channel to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of Hivaoa . The north-western or See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington group is formed of seven islands, the four largest being Huapu or See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
• ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

Adams, Huahuna or Washington, Nukuhiva (70 M. in circumference) and Eiao.' Along 1 Most of the islands have each three or four alternative names . the centre of each See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island is a See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge of mountains, attaining an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 4042 ft. in Huapu, whence rugged spurs forming deep valleys stretch towards the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . The volcanic origin of the whole archipelago is proved by the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal rocks being of See also:

• BASALT

basalt, See also:

• TRACHYTE (Gr. rpaxus, rough)

trachyte and See also:

• LAVA

lava . Vegetation is luxuriant in the valleys, which are well watered with streams and, from their seaward termination in small bays, are themselves known as " bays." The See also:

• FLORA

flora includes about four See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred known See also:

• SPECIES

species, many of them identical with those belonging to the Society Islands . The See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable products comprise bananas, See also:

• BREAD

bread-See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, yams, plantains, See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild cojton, bamboos, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• CANE

cane, coco-See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut and See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf palms, and several kinds of See also:

• TIMBER

timber trees . The See also:

• LAND

land See also:

• FAUNA

fauna how-ever is very poor; there are few mammals with the exception of See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs, rats and pigs; and See also:

• AMPHIBIA

amphibia and See also:

• INSECTS

insects are also generally scarce . Of twenty species of birds more than See also:

• HALF

half belong to the sea, where See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• LIFE

life is as abundant as about other sub-tropical Polynesian See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups .

The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate, although hot and See also:

• DAMP

damp, is not unhealthy . During the greater See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• YEAR

year moderate easterly See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade-winds prevail, and at the larger islands there are often both land and sea breezes . The See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season accompanied by variable winds sets in at the end of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, and lasts for about six months . During this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the thermometer varies from 84° to 910 F.; in the dry season its See also:

• AVERAGE

average range is from 77° to 86° . The archipelago, which has some small trade in See also:

• COPRA (a Spanish and Portuguese adaptation of the Malay kopperah, and Hindustani khopra, the coco-nut)

copra, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton and cotton seeds, is administered by a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• RESIDENT

resident, and has a total See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of about 4300, nearly all natives . The natives, a pure Polynesian See also:

• RACE

race, are usually described as physically the finest of all See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Sea Islanders . Their traditions point to See also:

• SAMOA

Samoa as the colonizing centre from which they sprang . Their complexion is a healthy See also:

• BRONZE

bronze . Until the introduction of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization they were remarkable for their elaborate See also:

• TATTOOING (Tahitian, tatu, from ta, mark)

tattooing . Their See also:

• CANNIBALISM

cannibalism seems to have been dictated by See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste, for it was never associated with their See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, the sacrifices to their gods ,being always See also:

• SWINE

swine . Of these and fowls they See also:

• REAR

rear a See also:

• GREAT

great quantity . Their native drink is See also:

• KAVA (CAVA or AVA)

kava .

Their houses are unlike those usual in See also:

• POLYNESIA, (Gr. iroXi,, many, and vnno-os, island)
• POLYNESIA, MELANESIA, MICRONESIA (q.v.)

Polynesia in being built on platforms raised from the ground . In disposition the islanders are friendly and hospitable, brave and somewhat bloodthirsty; and, although naturally indolent and morose, they have proved industrious and keen traders . As among their kinsfolk the Tahitians, debauchery was systematized and infahticide an organized institution . A population which at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation by France (1842) was 20,000 has been reduced to little over 4000 . Latterly the natives have for the most part outwardly adopted See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . The Marquesas Islands were discovered on the 21st of See also:

• JULY

July 1595 by Alvaro Mendana, who, however, only knew of the south-eastern group, to which he gave the name by which they are generally known (although they also See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear his own), in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don See also:

• GARCIA
• GARCIA (DEL POPOLO VICENTO), MANOEL (1775-1832)

Garcia Hurtado de See also:

• MENDOZA
• MENDOZA, ANTONIO HURTADO DE (1593?-1644)
• MENDOZA, DIEGO HURTADO DE (1503-1575)
• MENDOZA, PEDRO GONZALEZ DE (1428-1495)

Mendoza, See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis of Canete, See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy of See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru, and See also:

• PATRON

patron of the voyage . See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook pursuing the same track rediscovered this group, with the addition of Fatuhuku, in 1774 . The north-western islands were first sighted by the See also:

• AMERICAN

American Captain Ingraham in 1791, and given the name of Washington by him; the French Captain Marchand followed in the same year, and Lieut . Hergest in 1792 . The See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian explorer, See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam See also:

• IVAN (JOHN)

Ivan See also:

• KRUSENSTERN, ADAM IVAN (1770-1846)

Krusenstern, made an extensive investigation of the archipelago in 1804 . In 1813 the American See also:

• COMMODORE (a form of " commander"; in the 17th century the term " commandore " is used)

Commodore See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David See also:

• PORTER
• PORTER, BENJAMIN CURTIS (1843– )
• PORTER, DAVID (1780-1843)
• PORTER, DAVID DIXON (1813-1891)
• PORTER, ENDYMION (1587–1649)
• PORTER, HENRY (ft. 1596-1599)
• PORTER, HORACE (1837– )
• PORTER, JANE (1776–1850)
• PORTER, MARY (d. 1765)
• PORTER, NOAH (1811–1892)

Porter failed to establish a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony here; and in May 1842, after French See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic missionaries had prepared the way, Rear-See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral Dupetit-See also:

• THOUARS

Thouars took formal See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the archipelago for France . A See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement was not effected without bloodshed and about 186o–187o the colony was practically abandoned .

See Vincendon-See also:

• DUMOULIN, CHARLES [MOLINAEUS] (1500-1566)

Dumoulin Iles Marquises (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1843) ; E . Jardin, Essai sur l'histoire naturelle de l'archipel de Itlendana (Paris, 186o) ; Clavel, Les Marquisiens (Paris, 1885) ; Dordillon, Grammaire et dictionnaire de la langue See also:

• DES

des Iles Marquises (Paris, 19o4j .