See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

MARQUESS, or See also:

• MARQUIS

MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. See also:

• LAT

Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March ")  , a See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title and See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility . In the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage it is the second in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and therefore next to See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke . In this sense the word was a reintroduction from abroad; but lords of the Welsh and Scottish •" See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

marches " are occasionally termed marchiones from an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early date . The first See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England was See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert de See also:

• VERE
• VERE, SIR FRANCIS (1560-1609)

Vere, the 9th See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, who was created marquess of See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin by See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard II. on the 1st of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1385 and assigned See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence between See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes and earls . On the 13thof See also:

• OCTOBER

October following the patent of this marquessate was recalled, Robert de Vere then having been raised to a dukedom . See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John de See also:

• BEAUFORT
• BEAUFORT, FRANCOIS DE VENDOME
• BEAUFORT, HENRY (c. 1377–1447)
• BEAUFORT, LOUIS DE (d. 1795)

Beaufort, earl of See also:

• SOMERSET, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SOMERSET, EDMUND BEAUFORT, DUKE OF (c. 1404–1455)
• SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552)
• SOMERSET, LORD ROBERT EDWARD HENRY (1776-1842)
• SOMERSET, ROBERT CARR (or KER), EARL OF (e. 1590-1645)

Somerset, the second legitimate son of John of Gaunt, was raised to the second marquessate as marquess of See also:

• DORSET, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Dorset on the 29th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1397, but degraded again to earl in 1399 . The See also:

• COMMONS

Commons petitioned for the restoration of his marquessate in 1402, but he himself objected because " le noun de Marquys feust estraunge noun en cest Roialme." From that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period this title appears to have been dormant till the reign of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VI., when it was revived (1442), and thenceforward it maintained its See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the British peerage . See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne See also:

• BOLEYN (or BULLEN), ANNE (c. 1507–1536)

Boleyn was created marchioness of See also:

• PEMBROKE
• PEMBROKE (Penfro)
• PEMBROKE, EARLS OF

Pembroke in 1532 . A marquess is " most See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable," and is styled - " my See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord marquess." His wife, who is also " most honourable," is a marchioness, and is styled " my See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady marchioness." The coronet is a circlet of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold on which See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest four leaves and as many large pearls, all of them of equal height and connected . The cap and lining, if worn, are the same as in the other coronets (see See also:

• CROWN

CROWN and CORONET) . The See also:

• MANTLE

mantle of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament is See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet, and has three and a See also:

• HALF

half doublings of See also:

• ERMINE

ermine . In See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France , so early as the 9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, See also:

• COUNTS

counts who held several counties and had succeeded in making themselves quasi-See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent began to describe themselves as marchiones, this use of the word being due to the fact that originally none but the margraves, or counts of the marches, had been allowed to hold more than one See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county .

The marchio or marquess thus came to be no more than a See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of exceptional See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and dignity, the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original significance of the title being lost . In course of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the title was recognized as ranking between those of duke and count; but with the decay of See also:

• FEUDALISM
• FEUDALISM (from Late Lat. feodum or feudum, a fee or fiel; see FEE)

feudalism it lost much of its dignity, and by the 17th century the savour of pretentiousness attached to it had made it a favourite subject of See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire for See also:

• MOLIERE (1622-1673)

Moliere and other dramatists of the classical See also:

• COMEDY

comedy . Abolished at the Revolution, the title of marquess was not restored by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, but it was again revived by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVIII., who created many of Napoleon's counts marquesses . This again tended to cheapen the title, a See also:

• PROCESS

process hastened under the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic by its frequent See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption on very slender grounds in the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of any authority to prevent its abuse . In See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy too the title of marchese, once See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne only by the powerful margraves of See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona, has shared- the See also:

• FATE

fate of most other titles of nobility in becoming See also:

• COMMON

common and of no See also:

• GREAT

great social significance . (See also See also:

• MARGRAVE (Ger. Markgraf)

MARGRAVE.) (J . H .