See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)  , a word meaning literally " See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness " and often used in that sense in the New Testament e.g . Matt. xviii . 16; See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark xiv . 63 . During the conflict between Paganism and See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity when many Christians " testified " to the truth of their convictions by sacrificing their lives, the word assumed its See also:

• MODERN

modern technical sense . The beginnings of this use are to be seen in such passages as Acts xxii . 2o; Rev. ii . 13, xiii . 6 . During the first three centuries the fortitude of these " witnesses " won the admiration of their brethren . Ardent See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits craved the See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

martyr's See also:

• CROWN

crown, and to confess See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ in persecution was to attain a See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory inferior only to that won by those who actually died . Confessors were visited in See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison, martyrs' See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves were scenes of See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage, and the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day on which they suffered was celebrated as the birthday of their glory .

See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory XIII., who imposed the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• MARTYROLOGY

martyrology upon the Martyrology was the most popular literature in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church. whole Church . In 1586 See also:

• BARONIUS, CAESAR (1538-1607)

Baronius published his annotated While the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour paid to martyrdom was a See also:

• GREAT

great support to early edition, which in spite of its omissions and inaccuracies is a champions of the faith, it was attended by serious evils . It was mine of valuable See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information . thought that martyrdom would atone for See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin, and imprisoned The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• WORKS

works on the martyrologies are those of Rosweyde, who confessors not only issued to the Churches commands which in 1613 published at See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp the martyrology of See also:

• ADO (d. 874)

Ado (also edition were regarded almost as inspired utterances, but granted pardons of Giorgi, See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, 1745) ; of Sollerius, to whom we owe a learned in rash profusion to those who had been excommunicated by the F edition of Usuard (Acta Juni, vols. vi. and vii . ; and of iorentini, who published sanctorumin 1688 an annot ted edition of the Martyr- See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, a practice which caused See also:

• CYPRIAN, SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus, called THASCIUS] (c. 200–258)

Cyprian and his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow ology of St See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome . The See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical edition of the latter by J . B. de bishops much difficulty . The zeal of See also:

• IGNATIUS ('Iyvfrior)

Ignatius (c . 115), who begs See also:

• ROSSI, LUIGI DE
• ROSSI, PELLEGRINO LUIGI EDOARDO, COUNT (1787-1848)

Rossi and Mgr . L . See also:

• DUCHESNE, LOUIS MARIE OLIVIER (1843– )

Duchesne, was published in 1894, in vol. ii. of the the Roman Church to do nothing to avert from him the martyr's Acta sanctorum Novembris . The See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical martyrologies taken as See also:

• DEATH

death, was natural enough in a spiritual See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight-errant, but with a whole have been studied by Dom Quentin (1908) .

There are also others in later days, in Phr is and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, the numerous See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of calendars or martyrologies of less universal especially Yg See also:

• INTEREST

interest, and commentaries upon them . Mention ought to be made See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion became artificial . Fanatics sought death by insulting of the famous See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, commented on by Mazocchi the magistrates or by breaking idols, and in their See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm (Naples, 1744) and Sabbatini (Naples, 1744) . for martyrdom became self-centred and forgetful of their normal See C. de Smedt, Introductio generalis ad historiam ecclesi¢sticam See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty . None the less it is true that these men and See also:

• WOMEN

women endured Baackckerer, , ( i, 1876), pp . 127—156; H . Matagne and V. de See also:

• BUCK
• BUCK, CARL DARLING (1866– )
• BUCK, DUDLEY (1839-1909)

Buck in De Bibliotheque See also:

• DES

des ecrivains de la Compagnie de Jesus, 2nd ed., torments, often unthinkable in their See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty, and death rather vol. iii. pp . 369–387; De Rossi-Duchesne, See also:

• LES

Les See also:

• SOURCES

Sources du martyrologe than abandon their faith . The same phenomena have been hieronymien (Rome, 1885); H . Achelis, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Martyrologien, ihre witnessed, not only in the conflicts within the Church that Geschichte and ihr Wert (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1900) ; H . Delehaye, " Le Temoignage des martyrologes," in Analecta bollandiana, See also:

• XXVI

xxvi . 78–99 (1907); marked the 13th to the 16th centuries, but in the different H .

Quentin, Les Martyrologes historiques du moyen dge (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, See also:

• MISSION

mission See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields, and particularly in See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar and See also:

• CHINA

China. r9o8) . (H . DE.) See A . J . See also:

• MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
• MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
• MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
• MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
• MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
• MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
• MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
• MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
• MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
• MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)

Mason, The Historic Martyrs of the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

Primitive Church MARULLUS, See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

MICHAEL TARCHANIOTA (d . 1500), See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1905) ; H . B . Workman, Persecution in the Early Church See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, poet, and soldier, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople . In (London, 1906); See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul Allard, Ten Lectures on the Martyrs (London, 1453, when the See also:

• TURKS

Turks captured Constantinople, he was taken 1907) ; See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• FOXE, JOHN (1516-1587)

Foxe, The See also:

• BOOK

Book of Martyrs; See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary I . Bryson, See also:

• CROSS

Cross and to See also:

• ANCONA
• ANCONA, ALESSANDRO (1835– )

Ancona in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, where he became the friend and See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of Crown (London, 1904) . J . J .