MARYLAND  , a See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the See also:

• UNITED

United States, and one of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original thirteen, situated between latitudes 370 53' and 390 44 N. and longitudes 75° 4' and 790 33' W . (the precise western boundary has not been determined) . It is bounded N. by See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania and See also:

• DELAWARE

Delaware; E. by Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean; S. and W. by the See also:

• POTOMAC

Potomac See also:

• RIVER

river and its See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch, which See also:

• SEPARATE

separate it, except on the extreme W. border, from See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Virginia; W., also, by West Virginia . It is one of the small states of the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union—only seven are smaller—its See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area being 12,327 sq. m. of which 2386 sq. m. are See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—Maryland is crossed from north to south by each of the leading topographical regions of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the united States—the Coastal See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

Plain, the See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

Plateau, the Appalachian Mountains, and the Appalachian Plateau—hence its See also:

• GREAT

great diversity of surface . The portion within the Coastal Plain embraces nearly the whole of the south-east See also:

• HALF

half of the state and is commonly known as See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide-water Maryland . It is marked off from the Piedmont Plateau by a " Fall See also:

• LINE

Line " extending from See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington (D.C.) north-east through See also:

• BALTIMORE
• BALTIMORE, GEORGE CALVERT, 1ST BARON (C. 1580—1632)

Baltimore to a point a little south of the north-east corner of the state, and is divided by the Chesapeake See also:

• BAY

Bay into two parts known as the East See also:

• SHORE

Shore and the West Shore . The East Shore is a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low level plain, the least elevated section of the state . Along its entire Atlantic border extends the narrow sandy Sinepuxent See also:

• BEACH

Beach, which encloses a shallow See also:

• LAGOON (Fr. lagune, Lat. lacuna, a pool)

lagoon or bay also called Sinepuxent at the north, where, except in the extreme north, it is very narrow, and Chincoteague at the south, where its width is in most places from 4 to 5 M . Between this and the Chesapeake to the west and north-west there is a slight See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general rise, a height of about 10o ft. being reached in the extreme north . A water-parting extending from north-east to south-west and See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the Atlantic border separates the East Shore into two drainage systems, though that next to the Atlantic is insignificant . That on the Chesapeake See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side is drained chiefly by the Pocomoke, See also:

• NANTICOKE

Nanticoke, Choptank and See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, together with their numerous branches, the general direction of all of which is south-west .

The branches as well as the upper parts of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main streams flow through broad and shallow valleys; the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle courses of the main streams See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind their way through See also:

• REED
• REED, ANDREW (1787-1862)
• REED, ISAAC (1742—1807)
• REED, JOSEPH (1741—1785)
• REED, THOMAS BRACKETT (1839—1902)

reed-covered marshes, the water ebbing and flowing with the tide; in their See also:

• LOWER

lower courses they become estuarine and the water flows between low See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks . The West Shore is somewhat more undulating than the East and also more elevated . Its general slope is from north-west to south-east; along the west border are points 300 ft. or more in height . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal riverscrossing this section are the Patuxent, Patapsco and See also:

• GUNPOWDER

Gunpowder, with which may be grouped the Potomac, forming the state's See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern boundary . These rivers, lined in most instances with terraces 30 to 40 ft. high on one or both sides, flow south-east into the Chesapeake Bay through valleys bounded by low hills . The Fall Line, which forms the boundary between the Coastal Plain and the Piedmont Plateau, is a See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone in which a descent of about Too ft. or more is made in many places within a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles and in consequence is marked by waterfalls, cascades and rapids . The See also:

• PART

part of Maryland within the Piedmont Plateau extends west from the Fall Line to the See also:

• BASE

base of Catoctin See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

Mountain, or the west border of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, and has an area of about 2500 sq. m . In general it has a broad See also:

• ROLLING

rolling surface . It is divided into two sections by an elevated See also:

• STRIP

strip known as See also:

• PARR
• PARR, CATHERINE (1512-1548)
• PARR, SAMUEL (1747-1825)
• PARR, THOMAS (c. 1483—1635)

Parr's See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

Ridge, which extends from north-east to south-west a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance west of the middle . The east section rises from about 450 ft. along the Fall Line to from 85o to 900 ft. along the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of Parr's Ridge . Its principal streams are those that See also:

• CROSS

cross the West Shore of the Coastal Plain and here wind their way from Parr's Ridge rapidly toward the south-east in narrow steep-sided See also:

• GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges through broad See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone valleys . To the west of Parr's Ridge the surface for the most part slopes gently down to the east See also:

• BANK

bank of the Monocacy river (which flows nearly at a right See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle with the streams east of the Ridge), and then from the opposite bank rises rapidly toward the Catoctin Mountain; but just above the mouth of the Monocacy on the east side of the valley is See also:

• SUGAR

Sugar See also:

• LOAF

Loaf Mountain, which makes a steep ascent of 1250 ft .

The portion of the state lying within the Appalachian Region is commonly known as Western Maryland . To the eastward it abounds in mountains and valleys; to the westward it is a rolling plateau . West of Catoctin Mountain (1800 ft.) is See also:

• MIDDLETOWN

Middletown Valley, with Catoctin See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

Creek See also:

• RUNNING

running through it from north to south, and the See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue Ridge Mountains (2400 ft.), near the Pennsylvania border, forming its west slope . Farther west the serrated crests of the Blue Ridge overlook the Greater Appalachian Valley, here 73 M. in width, the broad gently-rolling slopes of the Great Cumber-See also:

• LAND

land or See also:

• HAGERSTOWN

Hagerstown Valley occupying its eastern and the Appalachian Ridges its western portion . Through the eastern portion See also:

• ANTIETAM

Antietam Creek to the east and Conococheague Creek to the west flow rapidly in meandering trenches that in places exceed 75 ft. in See also:

• DEPTH

depth . The Appalachian Ridges of the western portion begin with North Mountain on the east and end with See also:

• WILLS, WILLIAM GORMAN (1828-1891)

Wills Mountain on the west . They are See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, narrow, uniformly-sloping and level-crested mountains, extending along parallel lines from north-east to south-west, and reaching a maximum height in See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin's Ridge of more than 2000 ft . Overlooking them from the west are the higher ranges of the Alleghenies, among which the See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

Savage, Backbone and See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

Negro Mountains reach elevations of 3000 ft. or more . In the extreme west part of the state these mountains See also:

• MERGE

merge, as it were, into a rolling plateau, the Appalachian Plateau, having an See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of 2500 ft . All rivers of Western Maryland flow south into the Potomac except in the extreme west, where the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of theYoughiogheny and its tributaries flow north into the See also:

• MONONGAHELA

Monongahela . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna and See also:

• FLORA

Flora . In See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive times See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, ducks, turkeys, See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish and oysters were especially numerous, and wolves, squirrels and crows were a source of annoyance to the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early settlers .

Deer, See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black bears and See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats (See also:

• LYNX (Lat. Lynx, Gr. airy, probably connected with X hovewv, to see)

lynx) are still found•in some uncultivated sections . Much more numerous are squirrels, rabbits, ground-hogs " (woodchucks), opossums, skunks, weasels and minks . Many See also:

• SPECIES

species of ducks are also still found; and the reed-See also:

• BIRD

bird (bobolink), " See also:

• PARTRIDGE (Du. Patrijs, Fr. perdrix, from Lat. perdix, apparently onomatopoeic from the call of the bird)
• PARTRIDGE, JOHN BERNARD (1861– )
• PARTRIDGE, WILLIAM ORDWAY (1861– )

partridge " (elsewhere called See also:

• QUAIL (0. Fr. Quaille, Mod. Fr. Caille, Ital. Quaglia, Low Lat. Quaquila, Du. Kwakkel and Kwartel, Ger. Wachtel, Dan. Vagtel)

quail or " Bob See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White "), ruffed See also:

• GROUSE

grouse (elsewhere called partridge), See also:

• WOODCOCK (O. Eng. wude-cocc, wudu-coc, and wudu-snite)

woodcock, See also:

• SNIPE (0. Eng. Spite, Icel. Snipe, Dutch Snip, Ger. Schnepfe)

snipe, See also:

• PLOVER

plover and Carolina See also:

• RAIL

rail still abound . The waters of the Chesapeake Bay are especially See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in oysters and crabs, and there, also, See also:

• SHAD

shad, alewives, " striped " (commonly called " See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock ") See also:

• BASS
• BASS (the same word as " base," and so pronounced, but influenced in spelling by the Ital. basso)

bass, See also:

• MENHADEN

menhaden, white See also:

• PERCH (through Fr. from Lat. perca, Gr. 7rEpKo; the last word is connected with 2repev6r, dark-coloured, spotted)
• PERCH (through Fr. perche from Lat. pertica, a pole or rod used for measurement)

perch and weak-fish (" See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout ") occur in large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers . Among the more See also:

• COMMON

common trees are several species of See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine, See also:

• HICKORY

hickory, gums and See also:

• MAPLE, SIR JOHN BLUNDELL, BART

maple, and the See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut, the See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

poplar, the See also:

• BEECH

beech, the See also:

• CYPRESS (Cupressus)

cypress and the red See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar; the merchantable pine has been cut, but the chestnut and other hard See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods of West Maryland are still a product of considerable value . Among wild See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit-trees are the See also:

• PERSIMMON

persimmon and See also:

• CHICKASAW

Chickasaw See also:

• PLUM

plum; See also:

• GRAPE

grape-vines and a large variety of See also:

• BERRY, CHARLES ALBERT (1852-1899)
• BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND
• BERRY, JOHN, DUKE OF (1340-1416)
• BERRY, or BERRI

berry-bushes grow wild and in abundance . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate of Maryland in the south-east is influenced by ocean and bay--perhaps also by the sandy See also:

• SOIL

soil—while in the west it is influenced by the mountains . The prevailing winds are See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly; but generally north-west in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter in the west section and south-west in summer in the south section . In the south the normal winter is mild, the normal summer rather hot; in the west the normal winter is See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, the normal summer cool . The normal average See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature for the entire state is between 53° and 54° F:, ranging from 48° at Grantsville in the north-west to 53° at See also:

• DARLINGTON

Darlington in the north-east, and to 57° at Princess See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne in the south-east . The normal temperature for the state during See also:

• JULY

July (the warmest See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month) is 75.2° F., and during See also:

• JANUARY

January (the coldest month) 32.14° F . Although the west section is generally much the cooler in summer, yet both of the greatest extremes' recorded since 1891 were at points not far apart in Western Maryland: 109° F. at Boettcherville and — 26° F. at Sunnyside .

The normal annual precipitation for the state is about 43 in . It is greatest, county producing the second largest quantity of strawberries of about 53 in., on the east slope of Catoctin Mountain, owing to the elevations which obstruct the moisture-bearing winds, and is above the average along the middle of the shores of the Chesapeake . It is least, from 25 to 35 in., in the Greater Appalachian Valley, in the south on the West Shore, and along the Atlantic border . During See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring and summer the precipitation throughout the state is about 2 in. more than during autumn and winter . Soils and See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—The great variety of soils is one of the more marked features of Maryland . On the East Shore to the north is a marly See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam overlying a yellowish-red See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay sub-soil, to the south is a soil quite stiff with See also:

• LIGHT

light coloured clay, while here and there, especially in the middle and south, are considerable areas both of light sandy soils and tidal See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh loains . On the West Shore the soils range from a light sandy loam in the lower levels south from Baltimore to rather heavy barns overlying a yellowish clay on the rolling uplands and on the terraces along the Potomac and Patuxent . See also:

• CROSSING

Crossing the state along the lower edge of the Fall Line is a See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt heavy with clay, but so impervious to water as to be of little value for agricultural purposes . The soils of the Piedmont Plateau east of Parr's Ridge are, like the under-lying rocks, exceptionally variable in See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition, texture and See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour . For the most part they are considerably heavier with clay than are those of the Coastal Plain, and better adapted to general agricultural purposes . Light loams, however, are found both in the north-east and south-east . A soil of very close texture, the See also:

• GABBRO

gabbro, is found, most largely in the north-east .

Alluvial barns occupy the narrow river valleys; but the most common soil of the section is that formed from See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss with a large per cent. of clay in the subsoil . West of Parr's Ridge in the Piedmont, the principal soils are those the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of which is determined either by decomposed red See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone or by decomposed See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone . In the east portion of the mountainous region the soil so well adapted to See also:

• PEACH
• PEACH, CHARLES WILLIAM (1800-1886)

peach culture contains much clay, together with particles of See also:

• CAMBRIAN

Cambrian sandstone . In Hagerstown Valley are rich red or yellow limestone-clay soils . The See also:

• ALLEGHENY

Allegheny ridges have only a thin stony soil; but See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good limestone, sandstone, shale and alluvial soils, occur in the valleys and in some of the plateaus of the extreme west . Of the total land surface of the state 82 % was in 1900 included in farms and 68% of the farmland was improved . There were 46,012 farms, of which 15,833 contained less than 5o acres, 3940 contained 26o acres or more, and 79 contained 1,000 acres or more—the average See also:

• SIZE

size being 112.4 acres . In 1890, 69% of the farms were worked by the owners or their managers, in 1900 only 66.4%; but See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share tenants outnumber See also:

• CASH

cash tenants by almost three to one . Of the total number of farms about seven times as many are operated by white as by negro farmers, though the number of farms operated by white share tenants outnumber those operated by negro share tenants by only about five to one . Of all the inhabitants of the state, at least ten years old, who in 1900 were engaged in gainful occupations, 20.8% were farmers . The leading agricultural pursuits are the growing of See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn and See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat and the raising of livestock, yet it is in the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of fruits, vegetables and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, that Maryland ranks highest as an agricultural state, and in no other state except South Carolina is so large a per cent. of the value of the See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop expended for fertilizers . In 1907, according to the See also:

• YEAR

Year See also:

• BOOK

Book of the U.S .

See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of Agriculture, the Indian corn crop was 22,196,000 bushels, valued at $11,986,000; the wheat crop was 14,763,000 bushels, valued at $14,172,000; the See also:

• OAT (O. Eng. ate; the word is not found in cognate languages; it may be allied with Fr. eitel, knot, nodule, cf. Gr. oiSos swelling)

oat crop was 825,000 bushels, valued at $404,000; and the crop of See also:

• RYE

rye was 315,000 bushels, valued at $236,000 . Of the livestock, hogs were the most numerous in 1900, See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle next, See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep third, and horses See also:

• FOURTH

fourth . The See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay and See also:

• FORAGE

forage crop of 1899 (exclusive of corn-stalks) See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew on 374,848 acres . Until after the middle of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century tobacco was the See also:

• STAPLE

staple crop of Maryland, and the total yield did not reach its maximum until 186o when the crop amounted to 51,000 hhds . ; from this it decreased to 14,000 hhds., or 12,356,838 lb in 1889; in 1899 it See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose again to 24,589,480 lb, in 1907 the crop was only 16,962,000 lb, less than that of nine other states . In See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden products, including small fruits, Maryland ranked in 1899 See also:

• SIXTH

sixth among the states of the Union, the crop being valued at $4,766,760, an increase of 350'9% over that of 1889 . In the yield both of strawberries and of tomatoes it ranked first; the yield of raspberries and blackberries is also large . In its crop of See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green-peas Maryland was exceeded (1899) by New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York only; in sweet Indian corn it ranked fifth; in kale, second; in See also:

• SPINACH (Spinacia oleracea)

spinach, third; in cabbages, ninth . The number of peach-trees, especially in the west part of the state, where the quality is of the best, is rapidly increasing, and in the yield of peaches and nectarines the state ranked thirteenth in 1899; in the yield of See also:

• PEARS

pears it ranked fifth; in apples seventeenth . The Indian-corn, wheat and livestock sections of the state, are in the Piedmont Plateau, the Hagerstown Valley and the central portion of the East Shore . See also:

• GARRETT, JOAO BAPTISTA DA SILVA LEITAO DE ALMEIDA, VISCONDE DE

Garrett county in the extreme north-west, however, raises the largest number of sheep . Most of the tobacco is grown in the south counties of the West Shore .

The great centre for vegetables and small fruits is in the counties bordering on the north-west shore of the Chesapeake, and in See also:

• HOWARD (FAMILY)
• HOWARD, CATHERINE (d. 1542)
• HOWARD, JOHN (1726-1790)
• HOWARD, LORD WILLIAM (1563–1640)
• HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (1830-19o9)
• HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626–1698)

Howard, Frederick and Washington counties, directly west, Anne See also:

• ARUNDEL
• ARUNDEL, EARLDOM OF
• ARUNDEL, EARLS OF
• ARUNDEL, THOMAS (1353-1414)

Arundel all the counties in the Union in 1899 . Peaches and pears grow in large quantities in See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent and neighbouring counties on the East Shore and in Washington and Frederick counties; apples grow in abundance in all parts of the Piedmont Plateau . The woodland area of the state in 1900 was 4400 sq. m., about 44% (estimated in 1907 to be 3450 sq. m., about 35%) of the total land area, but with the exception of considerable oak and See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest-See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut, some maple and other hard woods in west Maryland, about all of the merchantable See also:

• TIMBER

timber has been cut . The See also:

• LUMBER

lumber See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, nevertheless, has steadily increased in importance, the value of the product in 1860 amounting to only $605,864, that in 1890 to $1,600,472, and that in 1900 to $2,650,082, of which sum $2,495,169 was the value of products under the factory See also:

• SYSTEM

system; in 1905 the value of the factory product was $2,750,339 . See also:

• FISHERIES

Fisheries.—In 1897 the value of the See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery product of Maryland was exceeded only by that of See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts, but by 1901, although it had, increased somewhat during the four years, it was exceeded by the product of New See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey, of Virginia and of New York . Oysters constitute more than 8o% of the total value, the product in 1901 amounting to 5,685,561 bushels, and being valued at $3,031,518 . The See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply on natural beds has been diminishing, but the planting of private beds promises a large increase . Crabs are next in value and are caught chiefly along the East Shore and in Anne Arundel and See also:

• CALVERT
• CALVERT, FREDERICK CRACE (1819–1873)
• CALVERT, SIR HARRY, BART

Calvert counties on the West Shore . Shad, to the number of 3,111,181 and valued at $120,602, were caught during 1901 . In See also:

• SOMERSET, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SOMERSET, EDMUND BEAUFORT, DUKE OF (c. 1404–1455)
• SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552)
• SOMERSET, LORD ROBERT EDWARD HENRY (1776-1842)
• SOMERSET, ROBERT CARR (or KER), EARL OF (e. 1590-1645)

Somerset and See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester counties clams are a source of considerable value . The terrapin catch decreased in value from $22,333 in 1891. to $1,139 in 1901 . The total value of the fish product of 1901 was $3,767,461 .

The state See also:

• LAWS

laws for the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of fish and See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell-fish were long carelessly enforced because of the fishermen's strong feeling against them, but this sentiment has slowly changed and enforcement has become more vigorous . Minerals and Manufactures.—The See also:

• COAL

coal deposits, which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a part of the well-known See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, furnish by far the most important See also:

• MINERAL

mineral product of the state; more than 98% of this, in 1901, was See also:

• MINED

mined in Allegany county from a See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed about 20 M. long and 5 m. wide and the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder in Garrett county, whose deposits, though undeveloped, ar, of great value . The coal is of two varieties: bituminous and semi-bituminous . The bituminous is of excellent quality for the manufacture of See also:

• COKE (a northern English word, possibly connected with " colk," core)
• COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1634)
• COKE, SIR JOHN (1563-1644)
• COKE, THOMAS (1747-1814)

coke and See also:

• GAS

gas, but up to 1902 had been mined only in small quantities . Most of the product has been of the semi-bituminous variety and of the best quality in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country for the See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam . Nearly all the high grade blacksmithing coal mined in the United States comes from Maryland . The deposits were discovered early in the 19th century (probably first in 1804 near the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• FROSTBURG

Frostburg), but were not exploited until railway transport became available in 1842, and the output was not large until after the close of the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War; in 1865 it was 1,025,208 short tons, from which it steadily increased to 5,532,628 short tons in 1907 . From 1722 until the War of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-ore product of North and West Maryland was greater than that of any of the other colonies, but since then ores of See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior quality have been discovered in other states and the output in Maryland, taken chiefly from the west border of the Coastal Plain in Anne Arundel and See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George's counties, has become comparatively of little importance—24,367 long tons in 1902 and only 8269 tons in 1905 . See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

Gold, See also:

• SILVER

silver and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper ores, have been found in the state, and attempts have been made to mine them, without much success . The Maryland See also:

• BUILDING

building stone,, of which there is an abundance of good quality, consists chiefly of granites, limestones, See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate, See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble and sandstones, the greater part of which is quarried in the east section of the Piedmont Plateau especially in See also:

• CECIL

Cecil county, though some limestones, including those from which See also:

• HYDRAULIC

hydraulic See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement is manufactured, and some See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-stones are obtained from the western part of the Piedmont Plateau and the east section of the Appalachian region; the value of stone quarried in the state in 1907 was $1,439,355, of which $1,183,753 was the value of See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite, $142,825 that of limestone, $98,918 that of marble, and $13,859 that of sandstone . See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

Brick, See also:

• POTTER, ALONZO (1800-1865)
• POTTER, HENRY CODMAN (1835–1908)
• POTTER, J
• POTTER, JOHN (c. 1674-1747)
• POTTER, PAUL (1625—1654)
• POTTER, PHILIP CIPRIANI HAMBLEY (1792—1871)

potter's and See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays are obtained most largely along the west border of the Coastal Plain, and See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-clay from the coal region of West Maryland; in .1907 the value of clay products was $1,886,362 . Materials for See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain, including See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

flint, feldspar and See also:

• KAOLIN

kaolin, -abound in the east portion of the Piedmont, the kaolin chiefly in Cecil county, and material for mineral paint in Anne Arundel and Prince George's counties, as well as farther north-west .

Between 185o and 1900, while the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population increased 103.8%, the average number of wage-earners employed in manufacturing establishments increased 2,58'5%, constituting 5.2% of the total population in 185o and 9.1% in 1900 . In 1900 the total value of manufactured goods was $242,552,990, an increase of 41.1% over that of 1890 . Of the total given for 1900, $211,076,143 was the value of products under the factory system; and in 1905 the value of factory products was $243,375,996, being 15.3 % more than in 1900 . The products of greatest value in 1905 were: See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-made men's clothing; fruits and vegetables and oysters, canned and preserved; iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel; foundry and See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine-See also:

• SHOP

shop products, including stoves and furnaces; See also:

• FLOUR

flour and grist See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill products; See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin-See also:

• WARE

ware, coppersmithing and See also:

• SHEET

sheet iron working; fertilizers; slaughtering and See also:

• MEAT

meat-packing; cars and See also:

• REPAIRS (from Lat. reparare, to make ready again)

repairs by steam See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways; shirts; provided that once in twenty years, beginning with 1887, the wish of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people in regard to calling a See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention for altering the constitution shall be ascertained by a See also:

• POLL

poll . Any constitution or constitutional See also:

• AMENDMENT (through the O. Fr. amender, to correct, from Lat. mendum, a fault)

amendment proposed by such constitutional convention comes into effect only if approved by a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the votes See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast in a popular See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election . Since 1870 See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage has been the right of all male citizens (including negroes) twenty-one years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age or over who shall have lived within the state for one year and within the county or the legislative See also:

• DISTRICT

district of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Baltimore in which they may offer to See also:

• VOTE

vote for six months immediately preceding an election; persons convicted of See also:

• LARCENY (an adaptation of Fr. larcin, O. Fr. larrecin, from Lat. latrocinium, theft, latio, robber)

larceny or other infamous See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime and not since pardoned by the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, as well as lunatics or those who have been convicted of See also:

• BRIBERY (from the O. Fr. briberie, begging or vagrancy, bribe, Mid. Lat. briba, signifying a piece of bread given to beggars; the Eng. " bribe " has passed through the meanings of alms, blackmail and extortion, to gifts received or given in order to influ

bribery at a previous election are excepted . In 1908 the General See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly passed a See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law providing for annual See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• PRIMARY

primary elections (outside of Baltimore; and making the Baltimore See also:

• SPECIAL

special primary law applicable to state as well as city officials), but, as regards state See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, making only a slight improvement upon previous conditions inasmuch as the county or district is the unit and the vote of county or district merely " instructs " delegates to the party's state nominating convention, See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation in which is not strictly in proportion to population, the rural counties having an See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage over Baltimore; no nomination See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition is required . In the same year a separate law was passed providing for primary elections for the choice of United States senators; but here also the method is not that of nomination by a See also:

• PLURALITY (0. Fr. pluralitd, Late Lat. pluralitas, plural number)

plurality throughout the state, but by the vote of counties and legislative districts, so that this measure, like the other primary law, is not sufficiently direct to give Baltimore a vote proportional to its population . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief executive authority is vested in a governor elected by popular vote for a See also:

• TERM

term of four years . Since becoming a state See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary-land has had no See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-governor except under the constitution of 1864; and the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of governor is to be filled in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of a vacancy by such See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person as the General Assembly may elect.' Any See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen of Maryland may be elected to the office who is See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years of age or over, who has been for ten years a citizen of the state, who has lived in the state for five years immediately preceding election, and who is at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of his election a qualified voter therein . Until 1838 the governor had a rather large appointing See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, but since that date most of the more important offices have been filled by popular election . He, however, still appoints, subject to the See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation of the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate, the secretary of state, the See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent of public See also:

• EDUCATION

education, the See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner of the land office, the See also:

• ADJUTANT (from Lat. adjutare, to aid)

adjutant-general, justices of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE