See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

LADY See also:

• ABIGAIL (Heb. Abigayil, perhaps "father is joy"), or ABIGAL (2 Sam. iii. 3)

ABIGAIL See also:

• LADY ABIGAIL MASHAM (d. 1734)
• MASHAM, SAMUEL CUNLIFFE LISTER, 1ST BARON (1815–Igo6)

MASHAM (d. 1734)  , favourite of See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne, See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, was the daughter of See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, a See also:

• LONDON

London See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant, her See also:

• MOTHER

mother being an aunt of Sarah Jennings, duchess of See also:

• MARLBOROUGH
• MARLBOROUGH, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF (1650-1722)

Marlborough . The See also:

• FAMILY

family being reduced to poor circumstances through Hill's speculations, See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady See also:

• CHURCHILL (MISSINNIPPI or ENGLISH)
• CHURCHILL, CHARLES (1731-1764)
• CHURCHILL, LORD RANDOLPH HENRY SPENCER (1849-1895)

Churchill (as she then was), lady of the bedchamber to the Princess Anne, befriended her See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin See also:

• ABIGAIL (Heb. Abigayil, perhaps "father is joy"), or ABIGAL (2 Sam. iii. 3)

Abigail, whom she took into her own See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household at St Albans, and for whom after the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of the princess to the See also:

• THRONE

throne she procured an See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment in the queen's household about the See also:

• YEAR

year 1704 . It was not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long before Abigail Hill began to supplant her powerful and imperious kinswoman in the favour of Queen Anne . Whether she was guilty of the deliberate ingratitude charged against her by the duchess of Marlborough is uncertain . It is not unlikely that, in the first instance at all events, Abigail's See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over the queen was not so much due to subtle scheming on her See also:

• PART

part as to the pleasing contrast between her See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle and genial See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and the dictatorial See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper of the duchess, which after many years of undisputed sway had at last become intolerable to Anne . The first intimation of her protege's growing favour with the queen came to the duchess in the summer of 1707, when she learned that Abigail Hill had been privately married to a See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman of the queen's household named See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• MASHAM, ABIGAIL, LADY (d. 1734)
• MASHAM, SAMUEL CUNLIFFE LISTER, 1ST BARON (1815–Igo6)

Masham, and that the queen herself had been See also:

• PRESENT

present at the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage . Inquiry then elicited the See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information that Abigail had for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time enjoyed considerable intimacy with her royal See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress, no hint of which had previously reached the duchess . Abigail was said to be a cousin of See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Harley, See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, and after the latter's dismissal from See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1708 she assisted him in maintaining confidential relations with the queen . The completeness of her ascendancy was seen in 1710 when the queen compelled Marlborough, much against his will, to give an important command to See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Hill, Abigail's See also:

• BROTHER

brother; and when See also:

• SUNDERLAND
• SUNDERLAND, CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL OF (c. 1674-1722)
• SUNDERLAND, ROBERT SPENCER, 2ND EARL OF (1640-17o2); English politician, was the only son of Henry Spencer (162o--1643)

Sunderland, See also:

• GODOLPHIN, SIDNEY GODOLPHIN, EARL

Godolphin, and the other Whig ministers were dismissed from office, largely owing to her influence, to make way for Oxford and See also:

• BOLINGBROKE, HENRY ST JOHN, VISCOUNT (1678-1751)

Bolingbroke . In the following year the duchess of Marlborough was also dismissed from her appointment at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, Mrs Masham taking her See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place as keeper of the privy See also:

• PURSE (Late Lat. bursa, adapted from Gr. Gupta, hide, skin; possibly O. Eng. pusa, bag, has influenced the change from b to p)

purse . In i 711 the ministers, See also:

• INTENT (from Lat. intend ere, to stretch out, extend, particularly in the phrase intendere animum, to turn one's mind to, purpose)

intent on bringing about the disgrace of Marlborough and arranging the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace of See also:

• UTRECHT
• UTRECHT, TREATY OF

Utrecht, found it necessary to secure their position in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Lords by creating twelve new peers; one of these was Samuel Masham, the favourite's See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, though Anne showed some reluctance to raise her bedchamber woman to a position in which she might show herself less ready to give her See also:

• PERSONAL

personal services to the queen . Lady Masham soon quarrelled with Oxford, and set herself to See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

foster by all the means in her See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power the queen's growing personal distaste for her See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister .

Oxford's vacillation between the See also:

• JACOBITES (from Lat. Jacobus, James)

Jacobites and the adherents of the Hanoverian See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to the See also:

• CROWN

Crown probably strengthened the opposition of Lady Masham, who now warmly favoured the Jacobite party led by Bolingbroke and See also:

• ATTERBURY, FRANCIS (1662-1732)

Atterbury . Altercations took place in the queen's presence between Lady Masham and the minister; and finally, on the 27th of See also:

• JULY

July 1714, Anne dismissed Oxford from his office of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord high treasurer, and three days later gave the See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff to the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• SHREWSBURY
• SHREWSBURY, CHARLES TALBOT, DUKE OF (166o-1718)
• SHREWSBURY, DUKE
• SHREWSBURY, EARLS OF
• SHREWSBURY, ELIZABETH TALBOT, COUNTESS OF (1518–16o8)
• SHREWSBURY, JOHN TALBOT, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1453)

Shrewsbury . Anne died on the 1st of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, and Lady Masham then retired into private See also:

• LIFE

life . She died on the 6th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1734 . Lady Masham was by no means the vulgar, See also:

• ILL

ill-educated See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person she was represented to have been by her defeated See also:

• RIVAL

rival, the duchess of Marlborough; her extant letters, showing not a little refinement of See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, prove the See also:

• REVERSE

reverse . See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

Swift, with whom both she and her husband were intimate, describes Lady Masham as " a person of a See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound understanding, of See also:

• GREAT

great truth and sincerity, without the least mixture of falsehood or disguise." The See also:

• BARONY

barony of Masham became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct when Lady Masham's son, Samuel, the 2nd See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron, died in See also:

• JUNE

June 1776 . (R . J .