See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

MASSACHUSETTS (an See also:

• INDIAN

Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians)  , one of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original thirteen states of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union, bounded on the N. by See also:

• VERMONT

Vermont and New See also:

• HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire, on the E. by the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic, on the S. by Rhode See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island and See also:

• CONNECTICUT

Connecticut, and on the W. by New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York . It lies approximately between 41° 15' and 42° 50' N. See also:

• LAT

lat. and 69° 55' and 730 3o' W. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . The bulk of its See also:

• AREA

area—which is about 8266 sq. m . (of which 227 are See also:

• WATER

water)-forms a parallelogram of 130 M . E. and W., 46 m . N. and S., the additional area lying in a See also:

• PROJECTION

projection at the S.E. and a lesser one at the N.E., which give the mainland a breadth of 90 M. where it See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders upon the ocean, while the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general irregularity of the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-See also:

• LINE

line gives a See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea frontage of about 250 M . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—The See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-east portions are in general undulating or level, the central hilly and broken, and the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west rugged and mountainous . (For See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological details see See also:

• UNITED

UNITED STATES: See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology, ad fin.) The Hoosac Hills (12oo–1600 ft. high), separating the valleys of the Housatonic and Connecticut, are a range of the Berkshires, a See also:

• PART

part of the Appalachian See also:

• SYSTEM

system, and a continuation of the See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green Mountains of Vermont, and with the Taconic range on the west See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Housatonic Valley—of which the highest peaks are Greylock, or " Saddleback " (3535 ft.), and Mt See also:

• WILLIAMS
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1582-1650)
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1796-1839)
• WILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1604–1684)
• WILLIAMS, ROWLAND (1817-1870)
• WILLIAMS, SIR WILLIAM FENWICK

Williams (3040 ft.)—in the extreme See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-west corner of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the only considerable elevated See also:

• LAND

land.' Bordering on the lowlands of the Connecticut, Mt Tom (1214 ft.) and a few other hills (Mt See also:

• HOLYOKE

Holyoke, 954 ft.; Mt Toby, 1275) form conspicuous landmarks . East of this valley the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country continues more or less hilly and rocky, but the elevations eastward become increasingly slight and of little consequence . Mt See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln (1246 ft.) and especially Mt Wachusett (2108 ft.), to the east in a level country, are very exceptional . The See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue Hills in See also:

• MILTON
• MILTON, JOHN (1608–1674)

Milton are the nearest elevations to the coast, and are conspicuous to navigators approaching See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston . The south-east corner of the state is a sandy See also:

• LOWLAND

lowland, generally level with a slightly elevated See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge (Manomet) south of See also:

• PLYMOUTH
• PLYMOUTH, EARLS OF

Plymouth, and well watered by ponds .

With the exception of this corner, See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts is a part of the slanting upland that includes all of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern New See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . This upland is an uplifted peneplain of subaerial denudation,' now so far advanced in a " second " See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle of weathering and so thoroughly dissected that to an untrained See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye it appears to be only a country of hills confusedly arranged . The general See also:

• CONTOUR

contour of the upland, marked by a remarkably even See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky-line, is evident at almost every locality in the state . In the nature and position of the upland rocks—mainly crystalline See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists and gneisses, excessively complicated and disordered in See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass, and also internally deformed—there is found abundant See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that the peneplain is a degraded See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain region . The upland is interrupted by the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, and on the coast by See also:

• GREAT

great lowlands, and is everywhere marked by hills somewhat surmounting the generally even skyline . See also:

• MONADNOCK

Monadnock (in New Hampshire nearN.E.Massachusetts), the Blue Hills near Boston, Greylock, in the north-west, and Wachusett in the centre, are the most cornmanding remnant-summits (known.generically as "Monadnocks ") of the original mountain system . But in the derivant valley peneplains See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the See also:

• PRESENT

present cycle of denudation, and there are residual summits also; in the Connecticut Valley See also:

• TRAP (0. Eng. treppe or traepee, properly a step, as that or which an animal places its foot and is caught, cf. Ger. Treppe flight of stairs)

trap ridges, of which Mt Tom and Mt Holyoke are the best examples; at Mt Holyoke, See also:

• LAVA

lava necks; occasionally in the lowlands, ridges of resistant See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone, like See also:

• DEERFIELD

Deerfield Mountain near See also:

• NORTHAMPTON
• NORTHAMPTON, ASSIZE OF
• NORTHAMPTON, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Northampton; in the See also:

• BERKSHIRE [abbreviated Berks, pronounced Berkshire]
• BERKSHIRE, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1587–1669)

Berkshire Valley, summits of resistant schists, like Greylock, the highest See also:

• SUMMIT

summit in the state . The larger streams have cut their channels to very moderate gradients, but the smaller ones are steeper . The Housatonic and Millers (and the Connecticut also, but not in its course within Massachusetts alone) afford beautiful examples of the dependence of valley breadth upon the strike of soft or harder rocks across the stream . The Connecticut See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-land is cut from 5 to 18 m. wide in soft sandstones and shales . The glacial era has See also:

• LEFT

left abundant evidences in the See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

topography of the state . The See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice covered even the Monadnocks .

Till drumlins, notably abundant on the lowland about Boston and the highland near See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer; morainic hills, extending, e.g. all along Cape See also:

• COD

Cod; eskers, See also:

• KAMES, HENRY HOME, LORD (1696-1782)

kames and See also:

• RIVER

river terraces afford the plainest evidences of the extent of the glacial See also:

• SHEET

sheet . The Berkshire country—Berkshire, See also:

• HAMPDEN, HENRY BOUVERIE WILLIAM BRAND, 1ST
• HAMPDEN, JOHN (c. 1595-1643)
• HAMPDEN, RENN DICKSON (1793-1868)

Hampden, Hampshire and See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin counties—is among the most beautiful regions of the United States . It is a See also:

• ROLLING

rolling highland dominated by long, wooded See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill-ridges, remarkably even-topped in general See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation, intersected and broken by deep valleys . Scores of charming lakes See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie in the hollows . The See also:

• DISTRICT

district is often called the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Region of See also:

• AMERICA

America, partly from the comparableness of its scenic beauties with the Ehglish Lake Country (See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold, however, wrote: " The country is pleasing but not to be compared with Westmoreland . It is wider and opener, and neither hills nor lakes are so effective."), and partly from the See also:

• PARALLELISM, PSYCHOPHYSICAL

parallelism of See also:

• LITERARY

literary associations . It has become since 185o, and especially in much more See also:

• RECENT

recent years, a favoured resort of summer residents . Owing to topography, and also to the manner in which Massachusetts ' At least seventy hills in the state, mainly in this See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter, have an elevation of 1500 ft . (twenty-four above 2000 ft.) . 2 In some localities it is not easy to establish irrefutably and in detail the inter-arrangement of drainage and See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock structure that proves it to be a subaerial peneplain instead of an uplifted sub-marine See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform; but the general proof is very clear.was settled, the western counties were long connected commercially more closely with New York than with Massachusetts, and this territory was long in dispute between these two states . The Connecticut is the most considerable stream, and is navigable by small See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft . Its valley, much the richest portion of the state agriculturally, is celebrated for the quiet variety and beauty of its scenery .

The Housatonic, in portions placid, in others See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild and rapid, winding along the deflecting barrier of the Hoosac Hills, is the most beautiful river of the state, despite the See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile use of its water-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . The See also:

• MERRIMAC

Merrimac, the second stream of the state in See also:

• VOLUME

volume, runs in a charming valley through the extreme north-east corner, and affords immensely valuable water-power at See also:

• LOWELL
• LOWELL, ABBOTT LAWRENCE (1856— )
• LOWELL, CHARLES RUSSELL (1835-1864)
• LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL (1819-1891)
• LOWELL, JOHN (1743-1802)

Lowell, See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence and See also:

• HAVERHILL

Haverhill . South of Cohasset the See also:

• SHORE

shore is sandy, with a few isolated rocky ledges and boulders . About Boston, and to the north of it, the shore is rocky and picturesque . Cape Cod, like a human See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm doubled at the See also:

• ELBOW

elbow, 40 M. from See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder to elbow and 30 from elbow to See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, is nowhere more than a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles broad . It is a sandy ridge, dotted with summer resorts and cottages . Cape See also:

• ANN

Ann has a rugged interior and a ragged, rocky coast . It, too, is a summer recreation ground, with much beautiful scenery . Boston Harbor (originally known as Massachusetts See also:

• BAY

Bay, a name which now has a much broader signification) is the finest roadstead on the coast . The extreme See also:

• HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
• HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
• HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

hook of the Cape Cod See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula forms See also:

• PROVINCETOWN

Provincetown Harbor, which is an excellent and capacious See also:

• PORT

port of See also:

• REFUGE

refuge for vessels. approaching Boston . See also:

• SALEM

Salem Harbor is the most considerable other haven on Massachusetts Bay; on See also:

• BUZZARD

Buzzard's Bay New See also:

• BEDFORD

Bedford has a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, and on the Atlantic coast are the excellent harbours of See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester and See also:

• MARBLEHEAD

Marblehead, both frequented by summer residents . Gloucester has the largest See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery interests of any See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the country, and is one of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief fishing ports of the See also:

• WORLD

world .

Buzzard's Bay is also a popular See also:

• YACHTING

yachting ground, and all about its shores are towns of summer See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence . See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

Wood's Hole is a station of the United States See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau of See also:

• FISHERIES

Fisheries, and a marine biological laboratory is there . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal islands lie off the south coast . The largest is Martha's Vineyard, about 20 M. long, with an extreme breadth of about 91 m . It has in Vineyard Haven (See also:

• HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL (18o9-1894)

Holmes's Hole) a spacious harbour, much frequented by See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind-See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound vessels seeking a passage See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Cape Cod . The island is covered with stunted trees . Its See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population was formerly dependent wholly upon the sea, but its See also:

• CLIMATE

climate has made it a popular summer resort, See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

Oak Bluffs being one of the chief resorts of the Atlantic coast . Farther east, See also:

• NANTUCKET

Nantucket, a smaller island of triangular shape, is likewise the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of a seafaring folk who still retain in some degree See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive habits, though summer visitors are more and more affecting its See also:

• LIFE

life . See also:

• FLORA

Flora and See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—Massachusetts lies entirely in the humid area of the Transition life-See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone, with the exception of the extreme north-western corner of the state, which lies in the Boreal zone . Thus the original native trees and See also:

• PLANTS

plants were those See also:

• COMMON

common to New England and See also:

• NORTHERN

northern New York . The presence of a dense population has driven out some, and brought In others, including some noxious weeds . The larger wild animals have disappeared, excepting an occasional See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear or See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer .

Of the smaller See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur-bearing animals, the See also:

• BEAVER
• BEAVER (from Fr. baviere, a child's bib, from bane, saliva)

beaver was long ago exterminated, the See also:

• OTTER
• OTTER (0. Eng. ate, otor, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch and Ger. Otter, Dan. odder, Swed. utter; it is to be referred to the root seen in Gr. 6&ep, water)
• OTTER, SEA

otter is seen very rarely, and the See also:

• MINK

mink only in the most isolated districts; but foxes, skunks, weasels, See also:

• MUSK (Med. Lat. muscus, late Gr. µbvXos, possibly Pers. mushk, from Sansk. mushka, the scrotum)

musk-rats, rabbits, and See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey and red squirrels are not uncommon . Copperhead See also:

• SNAKES

snakes and rattlesnakes are occasionally seen, and there are several See also:

• SPECIES

species of harmless serpents . Of See also:

• GAME

game birds the most characteristic is the See also:

• PARTRIDGE (Du. Patrijs, Fr. perdrix, from Lat. perdix, apparently onomatopoeic from the call of the bird)
• PARTRIDGE, JOHN BERNARD (1861– )
• PARTRIDGE, WILLIAM ORDWAY (1861– )

partridge (ruffed See also:

• GROUSE

grouse), exclusively a woodland See also:

• BIRD

bird; the See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson's See also:

• SNIPE (0. Eng. Spite, Icel. Snipe, Dutch Snip, Ger. Schnepfe)

snipe and the See also:

• WOODCOCK (O. Eng. wude-cocc, wudu-coc, and wudu-snite)

woodcock are not uncommon in favourable localities, and several species of ducks are found especially in the bays and marshes near the coast during the seasons of See also:

• MIGRATION

migration . A stray See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle is sometimes seen . Very interesting to ornithologists are the •few See also:

• HEATH
• HEATH, BENJAMIN (1704-1766)
• HEATH, WILLIAM (1737—1814)

heath hens, the eastern representative of the See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

prairie See also:

• HEN

hen (pinnated grouse), which are found on the island of Martha's Vineyard, and are the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole survivors in the eastern states of one of the finest of American game birds, now practically exterminated even on the western plains . There are many insectivorous birds; among the See also:

• SONG

song birds are the See also:

• HERMIT

hermit See also:

• THRUSH (A. S. Prysce, Icel. priistr, Norw. Trast, O. H. Ger. Drosce, whence the mod. Ger. prossel, to be compared with the analogous English form Throstle,l now almost obsolete, both being apparently diminutives)

thrush, the wood thrush, the Wilson's thrush, the See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown thrasher, the bobolink, the catbird, the See also:

• OVEN (O. Eng. of n,Ger. Ofen, cf. Gr. Irvin, oven)

oven bird, the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house See also:

• WREN (O. Eng. wrcknna, Mid. Eng. wrenne; Icel. rindill)
• WREN, SIR CHRISTOPHER (1632-1723)

wren, the song See also:

• SPARROW (0. Eng. spearwa; Icel. sporr; O.H.G. Sparo)

sparrow, the See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

fox sparrow, the vesper sparrow, the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white-throated sparrow (See also:

• PEABODY
• PEABODY, ANDREW PRESTON (1811–1893)
• PEABODY, ELIZABETH PALMER (1804-1894)
• PEABODY, GEORGE (1795-1869)

Peabody bird), the See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold-See also:

• FINCH
• FINCH (Ger. Fink, Lat. Fringilla)

finch and the See also:

• ROBIN

robin . See also:

• BROOK

Brook See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout are found, especially in the streams in the western part of the state, and See also:

• BASS
• BASS (the same word as " base," and so pronounced, but influenced in spelling by the Ital. basso)

bass, pickerel, See also:

• PERCH (through Fr. from Lat. perca, Gr. 7rEpKo; the last word is connected with 2repev6r, dark-coloured, spotted)
• PERCH (through Fr. perche from Lat. pertica, a pole or rod used for measurement)

perch and smaller See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish occur in the rivers and other inland See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters . Fish are so abundant on the coast that the cod is sometimes used as an See also:

• EMBLEM (Gr. Eµ3Xysa, something put in or inserted, from EµfiiXAew, to throw in)

emblem of the state; thus a figure of one hangs in the representatives' chamber at the State House . The artificial See also:

• PROPAGATION

propagation and preservation of See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

salmon and other edible fresh-water fish have been carried on successfully under the supervision of a state See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission . The See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

commonwealth has expend'ed large sums since 1890 in a vain See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to exterminate the gipsy See also:

• MOTH

moth (Ocneria, or more exactly Porthetria, dispar), accidentally allowed to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape in 1869 by a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French naturalist . Climate.—The climate is trying, showing great extremes of temperature (20° F. below zero to too° above) and marked See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations . The south-eastern coast and islands are mildest .

The mean See also:

• AVERAGE

average temperature of Boston is 48° F . In the interior it is slightly See also:

• LOWER

lower . The mean summer temperature generally over the state is about 70° F . Changes are often sudden, and the passage from See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter to summer is through a rapid See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring . The ocean tempers the climate considerably on the seaboard . Boston Harbor has been frozen over in the past, but steamtugs plying constantly now prevent the occurrence of such obstruction . In the elevated region in the west the winters are decidedly severe, and the springs and summers often See also:

• LATE

late and See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold . See also:

• WILLIAMSTOWN

Williamstown has a winter mean of about 23° F . The yearly precipitation is about 39 to 45 in., decreasing inland, and is evenly distributed throughout the See also:

• YEAR

year . Fogs are common on the coast, and east wind drizzles; the north-east winds being the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather bane of spring and late autumn . In the summer and the autumn the weather is commonly See also:

• FINE

fine, and often most beautiful; and especially in the Berkshires a cool, pure and elastic See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere prevails, relatively dry, and altogether delightful . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—The See also:

• SOIL

soil, except in some of the valleys, is not naturally fertile; and sandy wastes are common in the south-east parts .

High cultivation, however, has produced valuable See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-gardens about Boston and the larger towns; and See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry has made tillage remunerative in most other parts . The See also:

• GROSS

gross value of agricultural products is not great compared with that of other See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, but they are of great importance in the See also:

• ECONOMY

economy of the state . The See also:

• TOTAL

total value of See also:

• FARM

farm See also:

• PROPERTY

property in 1900 was $182,646,704, including livestock valued at $15,798,464 . Of the increase in the total value of farm property between 1856 and 1900 more than See also:

• HALF

half was in the See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade 189o—1900; this increase being due partly to the rising value of suburban realty, but also to a development of intensive farming that has been very marked since 1880 . The total value of farm products in 1899 was $42,298,274 (See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure for fertilizers $1,320,600); crops representing 54.7 and See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal products 45.3% of this total . The leading crops and their percentages of the total See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop value were See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay and See also:

• FORAGE

forage (39.1 %), vegetables (23.9%), fruits and nuts (11'7%), See also:

• FOREST

forest products (8.4%), and See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers and plants (7'1%) . Of the animal products 67'3% were See also:

• DAIRY

dairy products, and 2o.8% poultry and eggs . Cereals' have been for many years declining, although See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn is a valuable subsidiary to the dairy See also:

• INTEREST

interest, which is the most thriving farm industry . The value of farms on which dairying was the chief source of income in 1900 was 46% of the total farm value of the state; the corresponding percentages for livestock, vegetables, hay and See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, flowers and plants, See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, being respectively 14.6, 10.2, 8•o, 4.2, 3.2, and 1.8% . The shrinkage of cereal crops has been mainly responsible for the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that Massachusetts is agriculturally decadent . Parallel to this shrinkage was the decrease in ranging See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep (82.o% from 1850—I900; 34.2% from 1890-1900), and See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, once numerous in the hill counties of the west, and in the Connecticut Valley; Boston, then ranking after See also:

• LONDON

London as the second See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool market of the world, and being at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the chief packing centre of the country . Dairy cows in-creased, however, from 185o to 1900 by 41.9% (1890-1900, 7.3%) .

The amount of improved farmland decreased in the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period 39.4%, decreasing even more since 188o than earlier, and amounting in 1900 to no more than 25'1% of the area of the state; but this decrease has been compensated by increased value of products, especially since the beginning of intensive agriculture . An unusual See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density of See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement, furnishing excellent home markets and transportation facilities, are the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main props of this new interest . See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester and See also:

• MIDDLESEX
• MIDDLESEX, LIONEL CRANFIELD, 1ST EARL OF (1575-1645)

Middlesex counties are agriculturally foremost . Tobacco, which has been cultivated since colonial times, especially since the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, is grown exclusively in the Connecticut Valley or on its borders . In the swamps and bogs of the south-east coast See also:

• CRANBERRY

cranberry culture is practised, this district producing in 1900 three-fifths of the entire yield of the United States . " Abandoned farms " (aggregating, in 1890, 3.4% of the total farm area, and 6.85% in Hampshire See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county) are common, especially in the west and south-east . Mines and See also:

• MINING

Mining.—See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

Granite is the chief See also:

• MINERAL

mineral, and granite See also:

• QUARRYING

quarrying is the principal mineral industry of the state . In 1900 the value of manufactures based primarily upon the products of mines and quarries was $196,930,979, or 19% of the state's total manufactured product . In 1906 Massachusetts led all states in the value of its granite output, but in 1907 and 1908 it was second to Vermont . The value of the product (including a small output of igneous rocks) was in 1903, $2,351,027; 1904, $2,554,748; 1905, $2,251,319; 1906, $3,327,416; 1907, $2,328,777; 1908, $2,027,463 . Granite boulders were used for construction in Massachusetts as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1650 . Systematic quarrying of siliceous crystalline rocks in New England began at See also:

• QUINCY
• QUINCY, JOSIAH (1744–1775)

Quincy in about 1820 .

The Gloucester quarries, opened in 1824, were probably the next to be worked regularly . The principal granite quarries are in See also:

• MILFORD

Milford, ' The yield of cereals and of such other crops in 1907 as are recorded in the Yearbook of the United States See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of Agriculture was as follows: Indian corn, 1,584,000 bushels; oats, 245,000 bushels; See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, 64,000 bushels; See also:

• BUCKWHEAT

buckwheat, 42,000 bushels; potatoes, 3,600,000 bushels; hay, 760,000 tons; tobacco, 7,167,500 Ib . In the same year, according to the same authority, there were in the state 196,000 milch cows, 92,000 other neat cattle, 45,000 sheep and 70,000 See also:

• SWINE

swine.(Worcester county), Quincy and Milton (See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk county), See also:

• ROCKPORT

Rockport (See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex county) and See also:

• BECKET, THOMAS (c. 1118—1170)

Becket (Berkshire county) . Of the fourteen quarries of " Milford granite," twelve are in the township of that name, and two in Hopkinton township, Middlesex county . B . K . See also:

• EMERSON, RALPH WALDO (1803-1882)
• EMERSON, WILLIAM (1701-1782)

Emerson and J . H . See also:

• PERRY
• PERRY (from Fr. Moire, from poire, a pear)
• PERRY, MATTHEW CALBRAITH (1794–1858)
• PERRY, OLIVER HAZARD (1785-1819)

Perry classify this granite as See also:

• POST

post-See also:

• CAMBRIAN

Cambrian . They describe it' as " a compact, massive rock, somewhat above See also:

• MEDIUM

medium grain, and of See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour . The light flesh colour of the feldspar, and the blue of the See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz give it in some places a slight pinkish tint, and it is now much used as a See also:

• BUILDING

building-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone under the name of ' See also:

• PINK

pink granite.' " The Quincy granite district lies around the north-east end of the Blue Hill region, about 11 m. south of Boston . For monumental purposes this granite is classified as " medium," " dark," and " extra dark." Quincy granite takes a very high See also:

• POLISH

polish, owing to the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of See also:

• MICA

mica and to the coarser cleavage of its See also:

• HORNBLENDE

hornblende and See also:

• AUGITE

augite .

The lightest of the monumental stone quarried at Quincy is called gold-See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf ; it is bluish-green See also:

• GRAY
• GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
• GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
• GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
• GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
• GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
• GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
• GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
• GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
• GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
• GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
• GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
• GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)

gray, speckled with black and light yellow brown . Another variety has small, rather widely separated See also:

• CHERRY

cherry-red dots . The Rockport granite is found along or near the seashore, between Rockport and Bay View, and within about three-quarters of a mile of Cape Ann . The granite is of two kinds, known commercially as " grey granite " and " green granite." Both varieties .are hard and take a very high polish . The See also:

• BECKER, HEINRICH (1770-1822)
• BECKER, WILHELM ADOLF (1796—1846)

Becker granite (known as " See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester dark " and " Chester light ") is a See also:

• MUSCOVITE

muscovite-See also:

• BIOTITE

biotite granite varying from medium grey to medium bluish grey colour, and fine in texture . It is used principally for monuments . In 1907 Massachusetts ranked See also:

• SIXTH

sixth among the states in the value of its trap rock product ($432,604), and eighth in sandstone ($243,328) . The value of the See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble produced in the same year was $212,438, the state ranking fifth in the value of the total product and See also:

• FOURTH

fourth in building-marble . Other minerals are See also:

• EMERY (Ger. Smirgel)

emery, See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone and quartz . The state ranked fifth in 1906 in the total value of stone quarried ($4,333,616), and eighth in 1908 ($2,955,195) . The output of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime in 1908 was 107,813 tons, valued at $566,022 . Second in value to the various stones were the See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay products of the state, which were valued in 1906 at $2,172,733 (of which $1,415,864 was the value of common See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick) and in 1908 at $1,647,362 (of which 50,921 was the value of common brick) .

There are many mineral springs in the state, more than half being in Essex and Middlesex counties . The total amount of mineral waters sold in 1908 was valued at $227,907 . In that year the total value of the minerals and mining products of the state was $5,925,949 . Gold has been found in small quantities in Middlesex, Norfolk and Plymouth counties . Manufactures.—Though only four states of the Union are smaller, only three exceeded Massachusetts in 1905 in the value of manufactured products (six exceeding it in population) ; and this despite very scant native resources of raw materials and a very limited home market . See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical priority of development, exceptionally extensive and well utilized water-power, and good transportation facilities are largely responsible for the exceptional See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of Massachusetts as a manufacturing state . Vast water-power is developed on the Merrimac at Lawrence and Lowell, and on the Connecticut at South See also:

• HADLEY
• HADLEY, ARTHUR TWINING (1856– )
• HADLEY, JAMES (1821–1872)

Hadley, and to a less extent at scores of other cities on many streams and artificial ponds; many of the See also:

• MACHINES

machines that have revolutionized See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial conditions since the beginning of the factory system have been invented by Massachusetts men; and the state contains various technical See also: