See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. See also:

• LAT

Lat. missa)  , a name for the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian eucharistic service, practically confined since the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation to that of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . The various orders for the celebration of See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass are dealt with under See also:

• LITURGY (Low Lat. liturgia; Gr. X€Zros, public, and Epyov, work; )Aetrovpy6s, a public servant)

LITURGY; a detailed See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the Roman See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order is given under See also:

• MISSAL

MISSAL; and the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general development of the eucharistic service, including the Mass, is described in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article See also:

• EUCHARIST (Gr. evXapurria, thanksgiving)

EUCHARIST . The See also:

• PRESENT

present article is confined (I) to the See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of certain See also:

• SPECIAL

special meanings which have become attached to the word Mass and are the subject of somewhat acute controversy, (2) to the Mass in See also:

• MUSIC

music . The origin of the word missa, as applied to the Eucharist, is obscure . The first to discuss the See also:

• MATTER

matter is Isidore of See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville (Etym. vi . 19), who mentions an " evening See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office " (officium vespertinum), a " See also:

• MORNING

morning office " (officium matutinum), and an office called missa . Of the latter he says: " Missa tempore sacrificii est, quando catechumeni foras mittuntur, clamante levita ` si quis catechumenus remansit, exeat foras.' Et inde missa,' quia sacramentis altaris interesse non possunt, qui nondum regenerati sunt " (" The missa is at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice, when the catechumens are sent out, the See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon crying, ` If any See also:

• CATECHUMEN (Lat. catechumenus, Gr. KarnXouµevos, instructed, from Kar17)(6v, to teach orally)

catechumen remain, let him go forth.' " Hence missa, because those who are as yet unregenerate—i.e. unbaptized—may not be present at the sacraments of the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar) . This derivation of the word Mass, which would connect it with the special See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula of dismissal still preserved in the Roman liturgy—Ile, missa estonce generally accepted, is now disputed . It is pointed out that the word missa See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long continued to be applied to any church service, and more particularly to the lections (see Du Cange for numerous examples), and it is held that such services received their name of missal from the See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of dismissal with which it was customary to conclude them; thus, in the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

Pilgrimage of Etheria (Silvia) the word missa is used indiscriminately of the Eucharist, other services, and the ceremony of dismissal . F . Kattenbusch (See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklop. s . " Messe ") ingeniously, but with little See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence, suggests that the word may have had a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double origin and meaning: (1) in the sense of dimissio, " dismissal "; (2) in that of commissio, " See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission," " See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty," i.e. the exact Latin See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent of the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Xerrovpyta (see LITURGY), and hence the conflicting use of the See also:

• TERM

term .

It is, however, far more probable that it was a general term that gradually became crystallized as applying to that service in which the dismissal represented a more solemn See also:

• FUNCTION

function . In the narrower sense of " Mass " it is first found in St See also:

• AMBROSE (AMBROISE), AUTPERT (d.' 778)
• AMBROSE (ANDREY SERTIS-KAMENSKIY) (1708-1771)
• AMBROSE (fl. 119o)
• AMBROSE, ISAAC (1604-1663/4)
• AMBROSE, SAINT (c. 340-307)

Ambrose (Ep . 20, 4, ed . Ballerini): " Missam facere coepi . Dum offero ... " which evidently identifies the missa with the sacrifice . It continued, however, to be used loosely, though its tendency to become proper only to the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal Christian service is clear from a passage in the 12th See also:

• HOMILY

homily of Caesarius, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• ARLES
• ARLES, KINGDOM OF

Arles (d . 542) : " If you will diligently attend, you will recognize that missae are not celebrated when the divine readings are recited in the church, but when gifts are offered and the See also:

• BODY

Body and See also:

• BLOOD

Blood of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord are consecrated." The See also:

• COMPLETE

complete service (missa ad integrum), the bishop goes on to say, cannot be had at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home by See also:

• READING

reading and See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer, but only in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• GOD

God, where, besides the Eucharist, " the divine word is preached and the blessing is given to the See also:

• PEOPLE

people." Whatever its origin, the word Mass had by the time of the Reformation been long applied only to the Eucharist; and, though in itself a perfectly colourless term, and used as such during the earlier stages of the 16th century controversies concerning the Eucharist, it soon became identified with that sacrificial aspect of the See also:

• SACRAMENT

sacrament of the altar which it was the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• OBJECT

object of the Reformers to overthrow . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, so See also:

• LATE

late as the first Prayer-See also:

• BOOK

book of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward VI., it remained one of the official designations of the Eucharist, which is there described as " The Supper of the Lorde and See also:

• HOLY

holy Communion, commonly called the Masse." This, however, like the service itself, represented a See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise which the more extreme reformers would not tolerate, and in the second Prayer-book, together with such See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language in the See also:

• CANON

canon as might imply the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of See also:

• TRANSUBSTANTIATION

transubstantiation and of the sacrifice, the word Mass also disappears . That this abolition of the word Mass, as implying the offering of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ's Body and Blood by the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest for the living and the dead was deliberate is clear from the language of those who were chiefly responsible for the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change . Bishops See also:

• RIDLEY, NICHOLAS (c. 1500-1555)

Ridley and See also:

• LATIMER, HUGH (c. 1490-1555)

Latimer, the two most conspicuous champions of " the new See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion," denounced " the Mass " with unmeasured violence; Latimer said of " See also:

• MISTRESS

Mistress Missa " that " the See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

devil hath brought her in again "; Ridley said: " I do not take the Mass as it is at this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day for the communion of the Church, but for a popish See also:

• DEVICE

device," &c . (See also:

• WORKS

Works, ed .

See also:

• PARKER, JOHN HENRY (1806-1884)
• PARKER, JOSEPH (183o-1902)
• PARKER, MARTIN (c. 1600-c. 1656)
• PARKER, MATTHEW (1504-1575)
• PARKER, SAMUEL (164o-1688)
• PARKER, SIR GILBERT (1862— )
• PARKER, SIR HYDE, BART
• PARKER, THEODORE (1810-186o)

Parker See also:

• SOC

Soc., pp . 121, 120), and again: " In the See also:

• STEAD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1849– )

stead of the Lord's holy table they give the people, with much solemn disguising, a thing which they See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call their mass; but in See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed and in truth it is a very masking and mockery of the true Supper of the Lord, or rather I may call it a crafty juggling, whereby these false thieves and jugglers have bewitched the minds of the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple people . . . unto pernicious idolatory " (ib. p . 409) . This language is reflected in the 31st of the Articles of Religion of the Chinch of England: " Wherefore the sacrifices of Masses, in which it was commonly said that the Priest did offer Christ for the See also:

• QUICK

quick and the dead, to have remission of See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain and See also:

• GUILT

guilt, were blasphemous fables and dangerous deceits." Clearly the word Mass had ceased to be a colourless term generally applicable to the eucharistic service; it was, in fact, not only proscribed officially, but in the See also:

• COMMON

common language of See also:

• ENGLISH

English people it passedentirely out of use except in the sense in which it is defined in See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson's See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary, i.e. that of the "Service of the Romish Church at the celebration of the Eucharist." In connexion with the Catholic reaction in the Church of England, which had its origin in the " See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford See also:

• MOVEMENT

Movement " of the 19th century, efforts have been made by some of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy to reintroduce the term " Mass " for the Holy Communion in the English Church . See Du Cange, Glossarium, s.v . " Missa "; F . Kattenbusch in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie (ed . 1903), s.v . " Messe, dogmengeschichtlich "; for the facts as to the use of the word " Mass " at the time of the Reformation see the article by J . H . See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round in the Nineteenth Century for May 1897 .

(W . A .