See also:

• MAST (2) (Anglo-Saxon maest, food, common to some Teutonic languages, and ultimately connected with " meat")
• MAST (I) (O. Eng. maest; a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. malus; from the medieval latinized form mast us comes Fr. malt)

MAST (I) (O. Eng. maest; a See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic word, cognate with See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• MALUS, ETIENNE LOUIS (1775-1812)

malus; from the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval latinized See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form mast us comes Fr. See also:

• MALT (O. Eng., mealt; O. Sax., malt; O. Tent., maltos; Mod. Ger., Malz; Scand., malt; probably derived from the Sanskrit mrdu, soft, thus having reference to the fact that malt is raw grain rendered soft or tender)

malt)  , in nautical See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, the name of the spar, or straight piece of See also:

• TIMBER

timber, or See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of spars, on which are hung the yards and sails of a See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel of any See also:

• SIZE

size . It has been ingeniously supposed that See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man himself was the first See also:

• MAST (2) (Anglo-Saxon maest, food, common to some Teutonic languages, and ultimately connected with " meat")
• MAST (I) (O. Eng. maest; a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. malus; from the medieval latinized form mast us comes Fr. malt)

mast . He discovered by See also:

• STANDING

standing up in his prehistoric " dugout," or See also:

• CANOE (from Carib. candoa, the West Indian name found in use by Columbus; the Fr. canot, boat, and Ger. Kahn, are derived from the Lat. canna, reed, vessel)

canoe, that the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind blowing on him would carry his See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft along . But the origin of the mast, like that of the See also:

• SHIP

ship, is lost in times anterior to all See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record . The earliest See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of mast which prevailed till the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, and is still in use for small vessels, was and is a single spar made of some tough and elastic See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood; the conifers See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply the best timber for the purpose . In sketching the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the development of the mast, we must distinguish between the increase in the number erected, and the improvements made in the mast itself . The earliest See also:

• SHIPS

ships had only one, carrying a single See also:

• SAIL

sail . So little is known of the See also:

• RIGGING (A.S. wrigan or wrihan, to clothe)

rigging of classical ships that nothing can be affirmed of them with See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute confidence . The Norse vessels carried one mast placed in the middle . The number gradually increased till it reached four or five . All were at first upright, but the mast which stood nearest the See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow was by degrees lowered forward till it became the bow-sprit of See also:

• MODERN

modern times, and lost the name of mast . The next from the bows became the foremast—called in Mediterranean See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea language mizzana, in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French misaine .

Then came the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main-mast—in French See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• MAT (O. Eng. meatt, from late Lat. mattes, whence Ital. mallet, Ger. and Dan. matte, Du. mat, &c.)

mat; and then the mizen—in French, which follows the Mediterranean usage, the artimon, i.e . " next the See also:

• RUDDER (O.E. Rather, i.e. rower)

rudder," See also:

• TIMON
• TIMON (c. 320-230)

timon . A small mast was sometimes erected in the very end of the ship, and called in See also:

• ENGLISH

English a " bonaventure mizen." It had a close resemblance to the jigger of See also:

• YAWL

yawl-rigged yachts . By the close of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century it had become the established See also:

• RULE

rule that a ship proper had three masts—fore, main and mizen . The third takes its name not as the other two do, from its See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, but from the See also:

• LATEEN (the Anglicized form of Fr. latine, i.e. voile latine, Latin sail, so-called as the chief form of rig in the Mediterranean)

lateen sail originally hoisted on it (see RIGGING), which was placed fore and aft in the middle (See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, mizzo) of the ship, and did not See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie across like the courses and topsails . With the development of very large sailing clippers in the middle of the 19th century a return was made to the practice of carrying more than three masts . Ships and barques are built with four or five . Some of the large schooners employed in the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade have six or seven, and some steamers have had as many . The mast was for See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long made out of a single spar . Thence the Mediterranean name of " palo " (spar) and the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish " arbol " (See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree) . The typical Mediterranean mast of " lateen " (Latin) vessels is See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short and bends forward . In other classes it is upright, or bends slightly backwards with what is called a " See also:

• RAKE (O.E. rata, cognate with Du. raak, Ger. Rechen, from a root meaning to scrape together, heap up)

rake.' The mast is grounded, or in technical language " stepped," on the kelson (or keelson), the solid timber or See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal See also:

• BEAM
• BEAM (from the O. Eng. beam, cf. Ger. Baum, a tree, to which sense may be referred the use of " beam " as meaning the rood or crucifix, and the survival in certain names of trees, as horn-beam)

beam lying parallel with, and above the See also:

• KEEL

keel .

As the 15th century advanced the growth of the ship made it difficult, or even impossible, to find spars large enough to make a mast . The practice of dividing it into See also:

• LOWER

lower, and upper or topmast, was introduced . At first the two were fastened firmly, and the topmast could not be lowered . In the 16th century the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top-mast became movable . No date can be given for the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change, which was See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual, and was not simultaneously adopted . When the masting of sailing ships was fully See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division was into lower or standing mast, topmast, topgallant mast, and topgallant royal . The topgallant royal is a small spar which is often a continuation of the topgallant mast, and is fixed . Increase of size also made it impossible to construct each of these subdivisions out of single timbers . A distinction was made between " whole " or single-spar masts and " armed " and " made masts." The first were used for the lighter spars, for small vessels and the Mediterranean craft called polacras." Armed masts were composed of two single timbers . Made masts were built of many pieces, bolted and " coaked," i.e. dovetailed and fitted together, fastened See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round by See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron hoops, and between them by twelve or thirteen close turns of rope, firmly secured . " Made masts " are stronger than those made of a single tree and less liable to be sprung . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general principle of construction is that it is built round a central See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft, called in English the " spindle " or " upper tree," and in French the mkche or See also:

• WICK

wick .

The other pieces—" See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side trees," " keel pieces," " side fishes," " cant pieces " and " fillings " are " coaked," i.e. dovetailed and bolted on to and around the " spindle," which itself is made of two pieces, coaked and bolted . The whole is See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound by iron bands, and between the bands, by rope firmly " woulded " or turned round, and nailed tight . The See also:

• ART

art of constructing made masts, like that of See also:

• BUILDING

building wooden ships, is in See also:

• PROCESS

process of dying out . In sailing men-of-See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war the mizen-mast often did not reach to the kelson, but was stepped on the orlop See also:

• DECK

deck . Hollow metal cylinders are now used as masts . In the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of a masted See also:

• SCREW (O.E. scrue, from O. Fr. escroue, mod. ecrou; ultimate origin uncertain; the word, or a similar one, appears in Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Schraube, Dan. skrue, but Skeat, following Diaz, finds the origin in Lat. scrobs, a ditch, hole, particularl

screw steamer the masts abaft the engines could not be stepped on the kelson because they would interfere with the shaft of the screw . It is therefore necessary to step them on the lower deck, where they are supported by stanchions, or on a horseshoe covering the screw shaft . The size of masts naturally varies very much . In a 110-See also:

• GUN

gun ship of 2164 tons the proportions of the mainmast were: for the lower mast, length 117 ft., See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter 3 ft . 3 in.; topmast, 70 ft., and 201 in.; topgallant mast, 35 ft., and 11 ii in., 222 ft. in all . At the other end of the See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, a cutter of 200 tons had a lower mast of 88 ft., of 22 in. diameter, and a topgallant mast (there was no topmast between them) of 44 ft., of 94 in. in diameter, 132 ft. in all; topgallant mast of 44 ft., and 91 in. in diameter . The masts of a warship were more lofty than those of a See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant ship of the same See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage .

At See also:

• PRESENT

present masts are only used by warships for signalling and military purposes . In sailing merchant ships, the masts are more lofty than they were about a century ago . A merchant ship of 1300 tons, in 183o, had a main-mast 179 ft. in height; a vessel of the same size would have a mast of 198 ft, to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day.871 A " See also:

• JURY

jury mast " is a temporary mast put up by the See also:

• CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
• CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)

crew when the spars have been carried away in a See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm or in See also:

• ACTION

action, or have been cut away to relieve pressure in a storm . The word has been supposed without any See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation to be short for " injury " mast; it may be a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere fanciful sailor See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation of " jury " in some connexion now lost . See also:

• SKEAT, WALTER WILLIAM (1835– )

Skeat suggests that it is short for O . Fr. ajourie, See also:

• LAT

Lat. adjutare, to aid . There is no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to connect with jour, day . See L . Jai, Glossaire Nautique (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1848) ; See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Manwayring, The See also:

• SEAMAN, OWEN (1861– )

Seaman's See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1644) ; N . See also:

• HUTCHINSON
• HUTCHINSON, ANNE (c. 1600-1643)
• HUTCHINSON, JOHN (1615-1664)
• HUTCHINSON, JOHN (1674-1737)
• HUTCHINSON, SIR JONATHAN (1828– )
• HUTCHINSON, THOMAS (1711-1780)

Hutchinson, See also:

• TREATISE

Treatise on See also:

• NAVAL

Naval See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

Architecture and See also:

• PRACTICAL

Practical See also:

• SEAMANSHIP

Seamanship (See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool, 1777) ; See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

Steel, Elements and Practice of Rigging, Seamanship and Naval See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

Tactics (London, 1800) ; See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• BURNEY, CHARLES (1726-1814)

Burney's See also:

• FALCONER, HUGH (18o8–1865)
• FALCONER, WILLIAM (1732–1769)

Falconer's Dictionary (London, 183o) ; Sir See also:

• GERVAIS, PAUL (1816-1879)

Gervais See also:

• NARES, SIR GEORGE STRONG (1831– )

Nares's Seamanship (Ports-mouth, 1882) ; and See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Fincham, On Masting Ships and Mast Making (London, 1829) . (D .