INCREASE See also:

• MATHER, COTTON (1663-1728)
• INCREASE MATHER (1639-1723)
• MATHER, RICHARD (1596-1668)

MATHER (1639-1723)  , See also:

• AMERICAN

American' Congregational See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• DORCHESTER
• DORCHESTER, DUDLEY CARLETON, VISCOUNT (1573-1632)
• DORCHESTER, GUY CARLETON

Dorchester, See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts, on the 21st of See also:

• JUNE

June 1639, the youngest son of See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• MATHER, COTTON (1663-1728)
• MATHER, INCREASE (1639-1723)
• MATHER, RICHARD (1596-1668)

Mather.' He entered Harvard in 1651, and graduated in 1656 . In 1657, on his eighteenth birthday, he preached his first See also:

• SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

sermon; in the same See also:

• YEAR

year he went to visit his eldest See also:

• BROTHER

brother in See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin, and studied there at Trinity See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, where he graduated M.A. in 1658 . He was See also:

• CHAPLAIN

chaplain to the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison at See also:

• GUERNSEY (Fr. Guernesey)

Guernsey in See also:

• APRIL

April-See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1659 and again in 1661; and in the latter year, refusing valuable livings in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England offered on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of conformity, he returned to See also:

• AMERICA

America . In the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter of 1661-1662 he began to preach to the Second (or See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North) See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church of See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, and was ordained there on the 27th of May 1664 . As a delegate from Dorchester, his See also:

• FATHER

father's church, to the See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

Synod of 1662, he opposed the See also:

• HALF

Half-Way See also:

• COVENANT
• COVENANT (an O. Fr. form, later convenant, from convenir, to agree, Lat. convenire)

Covenant adopted by the Synod and defended by Richard -Mather and by See also:

• JONATHAN
• JONATHAN (Heb. " Yah [weh] gives ")

Jonathan See also:

• MITCHELL
• MITCHELL, DONALD GRANT (1822—1908)
• MITCHELL, MARIA (1818—1889)
• MITCHELL, SILAS WEIR (1830-)
• MITCHELL, SIR THOMAS LIVINGSTONE (1792-1855)

Mitchell (1624-1668) of See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge; but soon afterwards he " surrendered a glad See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive " to " the truth so victoriously cleared' by Mr Mitchell," and like his father and his son became one of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief exponents of the Half-Way Covenant . He was bitterly opposed, however, to the liberal practices that followed the Half-Way Covenant and (after 1677) in particular to " Stoddardeanism," the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon See also:

• STODDARD, RICHARD HENRY (1825-1903)

Stoddard (1643-1729) that all " such Persons as have a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good Conversation and a Competent Knowledge may come to the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord's Supper," only those of openly immoral See also:

• LIFE

life being excluded . In May 1679 Mather was a petitioner to the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court for the See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call of a Synod to consider the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

reformation in New England of " the Evils that have Provoked the Lord to bring his Judgments," 2 and when the " Reforming Synod " met in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September it appointed him one of a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee to draft a creed; this committee reported in May 1680, at the Synod's second session, of which Mather was See also:

• MODERATOR (from Lat. moderare, to impose a modus, limit)

moderator, the See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

Declaration (slightly modified, notably in ch. See also:

• XXIV

xxiv., " Of the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

Magistrate "), which was approved but was not made mandatory on the churches by the General Court, and in 1708 was reaffirmed at See also:

• SAYBROOK

Saybrook, See also:

• CONNECTICUT

Connecticut . With the Cambridge See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

Platform of 1646, drafted by his father, the See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

Confession of 1680, for which Increase Mather was largely responsible, was printed as a See also:

• BOOK

book of doctrine and See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government for the churches of Massachusetts . After the See also:

• THREAT

threat of a Quo Warranto See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ in 1683 for the surrender of the Massachusetts See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter, Mather used all his tremendous See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence to persuade the colonists not to give up the charter; and the Boston freemen unanimously voted against submission . The royal agents immediately afterwards sent to See also:

• LONDON

London a treasonable See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter, falsely attributed to Mather; but its spuriousness seems to have been suspected in England and Mather was not " fetch'd over and made a See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

Sacrifice." He became a See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader in the opposition to See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• ANDROS, or ANDRO
• ANDROS, SIR EDMUND (1637-1714)

Andros, to his secretary See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• RANDOLPH, EDMUND [JENNINGS] (1753–1813)
• RANDOLPH, JOHN (1773–1833)
• RANDOLPH, PEYTON (1721-1775)
• RANDOLPH, THOMAS (1523-1590)
• RANDOLPH, THOMAS (1605-1635)

Randolph, and to See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

Governor See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• DUDLEY
• DUDLEY, BARONS AND EARLS OF
• DUDLEY, EDMUND (c. 1462—1510)
• DUDLEY, SIR ROBERT (1573—1649)
• DUDLEY, THOMAS (1576-1653)

Dudley . He was chosen by the General Court to represent the See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony's interests in England, eluded See also:

• OFFICERS

officers sent to See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest him,' and in disguise boarded a See also:

• SHIP

ship on which he reached See also:

• WEYMOUTH

Weymouth on the 6th of May 1688 . In London he acted with Sir See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Ashurst, the See also:

• RESIDENT

resident See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent, and had two or 1 He was so christened " because of the never-to-be-forgotten increase, of every sort, wherewith See also:

• GOD

God favoured the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country about the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of his nativity." He often latinized his name, spelling it Crescentius Matherus .

That is, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip's See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, the Boston fires of 1676, when Mather's church and See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home were burned, and 1679, the threatened introduction of See also:

• EPISCOPACY (from Late Lat. episcopatus, the office of a bishop, episcopas)

Episcopacy, and the general spiritual decay of the country . 3 He had previously been arrested and acquitted on a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of having attributed the forged letter to Randolph . three fruitless audiences with See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James II . His first See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience with See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William III. was on the 9th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1689; he was active in influencing the See also:

• COMMONS

Commons to See also:

• VOTE

vote (1689) that the New England charters should be restored; and he published A Narrative of the Miseries of New-England, By See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

Reason of an Arbitrary Government Erected there Under Sir Edmund Andros (1688), A Brief Relation for the See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

Confirmation of Charter Privileges (1690, and other See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets . In 1690 he was joined by See also:

• ELISHA (a Hebrew name meaning " God is deliverance ")

Elisha See also:

• COOKE, GEORGE FREDERICK (1756–1811)
• COOKE, JAY (1821–1905)
• COOKE, ROSE TERRY (1827-1892)

Cooke (1638–1715) and See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Oakes (1644–1719), additional agents, _ who were uncompromisingly for the renewal of the old charter . Mather, however, was instrumental in securing a new charter (signed on Oct . 7, 1691), and prevented the See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of the See also:

• PLYMOUTH
• PLYMOUTH, EARLS OF

Plymouth Colony to New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York . The nomination of officers See also:

• LEFT

left to the See also:

• CROWN

Crown was reserved to the agents . Mather had expressed strong dissatisfaction with the clause giving the governor the right of See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto, and regretted the less theocratic See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of the charter which made all freemen (and not merely church members) See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors . With Sir William Phips, the new governor, a member of Mather's church, he arrived in Boston on the 14th of May 16g2 . The value of his services to the colony at this time is not easily over-estimated . In England he won the friendship of divines like See also:

• BAXTER, ANDREW (1686-1750)
• BAXTER, RICHARD (1615-1691)
• BAXTER, ROBERT DUDLEY (1827-1875)
• BAXTER, WILLIAM (1650-1723)

Baxter, See also:

• TILLOTSON, JOHN (1630-1694)

Tillotson and See also:

• BURNET
• BURNET, GILBERT (1643-1715)
• BURNET, THOMAS (1635-1715)

Burnet, and effectively promoted the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union in 1691 of English Presbyterians and Congregationalists .

He was at heavy expense throughout his stay, and even greater than his See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial loss was his loss of authority and See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control in the church and in Harvard College because of his See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence . Mather had been acting See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of Harvard College in 1681–1682, and in June 1685 he again became acting president (or See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector), but still preached every See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday in Boston and would not comply with an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the General Court that he should reside in Cambridge . In 1701 after a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence there he returned to Boston and wrote to the General Court to " think of another President for the Colledge." The opposition to him had been increasing in strength, his resignation was accepted, and See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• WILLARD, FRANCES ELIZABETH (1839–1898)

Willard took charge of the college as See also:

• VICE

vice-president, although he also refused to reside in Cambridge . That Mather's See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the college was excellent is admitted even by his harsh critic, See also:

• JOSIAH (Heb. yo' shiyydhu, perhaps " Yah [weh] supports ")

Josiah See also:

• QUINCY
• QUINCY, JOSIAH (1744–1775)

Quincy, in his See also:

• HISTORY

History of Harvard University.' The Liberal party, which now came into control in the college repeatedly disappointed the hopes of See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

Cotton Mather (q.v.) that he might be chosen president, and by its ecclesiastical laxness and its broader views of Church polity forced the Mathers to turn from Harvard to Yale as a truer school of the prophets . The Liberal leaders, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Leverett (1662–1724), William Brattle (1662–1713)—who graduated with Leverett in 168o, and with him as See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor controlled the college during Increase Mather's absence in England—William Brattle's eldest brother, Thomas Brattle (1658–1713), and Ebenezer Pemberton (167x–1717), pastor of the Old See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Church, desired an " enrichment of the service," and greater liberality in the See also:

• MATTER

matter of See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism . In 1697 the Second Boston Church, in which Cotton Mather had been his father's colleague since 1685, upbraided the See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles-See also:

• TOWN

town Church " for betraying the liberties of the churches in their See also:

• LATE

late putting into the hands of the whole inhabitants the choice of a minister." In 1699 Increase Mather published The Order of the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel, which severely (although indirectly, criticized the methods of the " Liberals " in establishing the Brattle See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street Church and especially the ordination of their minister See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin See also:

• COLMAN, GEORGE (1732–1794)
• COLMAN, SAINT (d. 676)
• COLMAN, SAMUEL (1832– )

Colman by a Presbyterian See also:

• BODY

body in London; the Liberals replied with The Gospel Order Revived, which was printed in New York to lend See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour to the (partly true) charge of its authors that the printers of Massachusetts would See also:

• PRINT

print ' Mather led the resistance to the royal demand instigated by Edward Randolph in 1683, for the annulment of the college charter, and after its vacation in 1684 strove for the See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of a new charter; King James promised him a confirmation of the former charter; the new provincial charter granted by William and See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary confirmed all gifts and grants to colleges; in 1692 Mather drafted an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act incorporating the college, which was signed by Phips but was disallowed in England; and in 1696, 1697, 1699, and 1700, Mather repeated his efforts for a college charter . nothing hostile to Increase Mather.' The See also:

• AUTOCRACY (Gr. abroepareca, absolute power)

autocracy of the Mathers in church, college, colony and See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press, had slipped from them . The later years of Mather's life were spent almost entirely in the See also:

• WORK

work of the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry, now beginning to be a less varied career than when he entered on it . He died on the 23rd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1723 . He married in 1662 Maria, daughter of Sarah and John Cotton . His first wife died in 1714; and in 1715 he married See also:

• ANN

Ann See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake, widow of John Cotton, of See also:

• HAMPTON
• HAMPTON, WADE (1818-1902)

Hampton, N.H., a See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of John Cotton of Boston . Increase Mather was a See also:

• GREAT

great preacher with a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and a splendid See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice, which had a " Tonitruous Cogency," to quote his son's phrase .

His style was much simpler and more See also:

• VERNACULAR (Lat. verna, dim. vernaculus, a slave horn in his master's house)

vernacular than his son's . He was an assiduous student, commonly spending sixteen See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day among his books; but his learning (to quote See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin See also:

• WINSOR, JUSTIN (1831-1897)

Winsor's contrast between Increase and Cotton Mather) " usually left his natural ability and his See also:

• EDUCATION

education See also:

• FREE

free from entanglements." He was not so much self-seeking and personally ambitious as eager to advance the cause of the church in which he so implicitly believed . That it is a See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake to consider him a narrow churchman is shown by his assisting in 1718 at the ordination of Elisha Callender in the First Baptist Church of Boston . Like the most learned men of his time he was superstitious and a See also:

• FIRM

firm believer in " praesagious impressions "; his See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

Essay for the Recording of Illustrious Providences: Wherein an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

Account is Given of many Remarkable and very Memorable Events which have Hapned in this Last See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age, Especially in New England (1684) shows that he believed only less thoroughly than his son in See also:

• WITCHCRAFT

witchcraft, though in his Cases of See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

Conscience Concerning Evil See also:

• SPIRITS

Spirits (1693) he considered some current proofs of witchcraft inadequate . The revulsion of feeling after the witchcraft delusion undermined his authority greatly, and See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert's Calef's More Wonders of the Spiritual See also:

• WORLD

World (1700) was a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow to him as well as to his son . With Jonathan See also:

• EDWARDS, AMELIA ANN BLANDFORD (1831-1892)
• EDWARDS, BELA BATES (18o2-1852)
• EDWARDS, BRYAN (1743–1800)
• EDWARDS, GEORGE (1693–1773)
• EDWARDS, HENRY THOMAS (1837–1884)
• EDWARDS, JONATHAN (1703—1758)
• EDWARDS, LEWIS (1806–1887 )
• EDWARDS, RICHARD (c. 1523–1566)
• EDWARDS, T
• EDWARDS, THOMAS CHARLES (1837–1900)

Edwards, than whom he was much more of a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of affairs, and with Benjamin See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin, whose See also:

• MISSION

mission in England somewhat resembled Mather's, he may be ranked among the greatest Americans of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period before the War of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence . The first authority for the life of Increase Mather is the work of his son Cotton Mather, Parentator: See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of Remarkables in the Life and See also:

• DEATH

Death of the Ever Memorable Dr Increase Mather (Boston, 1724) ; there are also a memoir and See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant references in Cotton Mather's Magnalia (London, 1702) especially vol. iv.; there is an excellent See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch in the first See also:

• VOLUME

volume of J . L . Sibley's See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University (Cambridge, 1873), with an exhaustive See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of Mather's See also:

• WORKS

works (about 15o titles) ; there is much valuable matter in Williston See also:

• WALKER, FRANCIS AMASA (1840-1897)
• WALKER, FREDERICK (184o--1875)
• WALKER, GEORGE (c. 1618-169o)
• WALKER, HENRY OLIVER (1843— )
• WALKER, HORATIO (1858– )
• WALKER, JOHN (1732—1807)
• WALKER, OBADIAH (1616-1699)
• WALKER, ROBERT (d. c. 1658)
• WALKER, ROBERT JAMES (1801-1869)
• WALKER, SEARS COOK (1805—1853)
• WALKER, THOMAS (1784—1836)
• WALKER, WILLIAM (1824-1860)

Walker's Ten New England Leaders (New York, 1901) and in his See also:

• CREEDS (Lat. credo, I believe), or CONFESSIONS OF FAITH

Creeds and Platforms of See also:

• CONGREGATIONALISM

Congregationalism (New York, 1893) ; for See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of the Mathers see ch. xii. of M . C . See also:

• TYLER
• TYLER, JOHN (1790—1862)
• TYLER, MOSES COIT (1835—1900)
• TYLER, WAT [or WALTER] (d. 1381)

Tyler's History of American Literature, 1607–1676 (New York, 1878), and See also:

• BARRETT, LAWRENCE (1838-1891)
• BARRETT, LUCAS (1837-1862)

Barrett Wendell's Cotton Mather (New York, 1891) . Mather's See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth has been under-estimated by Josiah Quincy, Justin Winsor and other historians out of sympathy with his ecclesiastical spirit, who represent him as only an ambitious narrow-minded schemer .

(R .