See also:

• MARQUIS

MARQUIS See also:

• MARQUIS MATSUKATA (1835- )

MATSUKATA (1835- )  , See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Kagoshima in 1835, being a son of a samurai of the Satsuma See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan . On the completion of the feudal revolution of 1868 he was appointed See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Tosa, and having served six years in ,this See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, was transferred to See also:

• TOKYO (or TOKIO, formerly called Yedo)

Tokyo as assistant See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of See also:

• FINANCE

finance . As representative of See also:

• JAPAN

Japan at the See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris See also:

• EXHIBITION

Exhibition of 1878, he took the opportunity afforded by his See also:

• MISSION

mission to study the See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial systems of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers . On his return See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, he held for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in 188o the See also:

• PORTFOLIO (shortened form of Porto folio, adapted from the Ital. portafogli, portare, to carry, and fogli, sheets or leaves of paper, Lat. folium, leaf)

portfolio of home affairs, and was in 1881 appointed minister of finance . The See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the currency of Japan was at that time deplorable, and See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• BANKRUPTCY (from Lat. bancus or Fr. banquet table or counter, and Lat. ruptus, broken)

bankruptcy threatened . The coinage had not only been seriously debased during the closing years of the See also:

• TOKUGAWA

Tokugawa regime, but large quantities of See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper currency had been issued and circulated, both by many of the feudal lords, and by the central See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government itself, as a temporary expedient for filling an impoverished See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer . In 1878 depreciation had set in, and the inconvertible paper had by the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of 1881 grown to such an extent that it was then at a See also:

• DISCOUNT

discount of 8o% as compared with See also:

• SILVER

silver . See also:

• MATSUKATA, MARQUIS (1835- )

Matsukata showed the government the danger of the situation, and urged that the issue of further paper currency should be stopped at once, the expenses of See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration curtailed, and the resulting surplus of See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue used in the redemption of the paper currency and in the creation of a specie reserve . These proposals were acted upon: the See also:

• BANK

Bank of Japan was established, and the right of issuing convertible notes given to it; and within three years of the See also:

• INITIATION (Lat. inilium, beginning, entrance, from mire, to go in)

initiation of these financial reforms, the paper currency, largely reduced in quantity, was restored to its full See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par value with silver, and the currency as a whole placed on a solvent basis . From this time forward Japan's commercial and military See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement continued to make uninterrupted progress . But pari passu with the extraordinary impetus given to its See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade by the successful conclusion of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with See also:

• CHINA

China, the national See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure enormously increased, rising within a few years from 8o to 250 million yen . The task of providing for this expenditure See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell entirely on Matsukata, who had to See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face strong opposition on the See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• DIET

diet .

But he distributed the increased See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation so equally, and See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose its subjects so wisely, that the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary administrative expenditure and the See also:

• INTEREST

interest on the national See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt were fully provided for, while the extraordinary expenditure for military purposes was met from the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese See also:

• INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity . As far back as 1878 Matsukata perceived the advantages of a See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard, but it was not until 1897 that his See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme could be realized . In this See also:

• YEAR

year the See also:

• BILL

bill authorizing it was under his auspices submitted to the saw the fulfilment of his ideas of financial reform, which were conceived during his first visit to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . Matsukata, who in 1884 was created See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count, twice held the office of See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime minister (1891-1892, 1896-1898), and during both his administrations he combined the portfolio of finance with the premiership; from See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1898 to October 1900 he was minister of finance only . His name in Japanese See also:

• HISTORY

history is indissolubly connected with the financial progress of his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country at the end of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . In 1902 he visited See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• AMERICA

America, and he was created G.C.M.G., and given the See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford degree of D.C.L . In See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1907 he was advanced to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• MARQUIS

Marquis .