RENE See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

NICOLAS See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

CHARLES AUGUSTIN See also:

• RENE NICOLAS CHARLES AUGUSTIN MAUPEOU (1714-1792)

MAUPEOU (1714-1792)  , See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 25th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1714, being the eldest son of Rene See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles de See also:

• MAUPEOU, RENE NICOLAS CHARLES AUGUSTIN (1714-1792)

Maupeou (1688-1775), who was See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris from 1743 to 1757 . He married in 1744 a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich heiress, See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne de Roncherolles, a See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin of Madame d'See also:

• EPINAY, LOUISE FLORENCE PETRONILLE TARDIEU

Epinay . Entering public See also:

• LIFE

life, he was his See also:

• FATHER

father's right See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand in the conflicts between the parlement and Christophe de See also:

• BEAUMONT
• BEAUMONT, BELMONT, or BELLOMONT
• BEAUMONT, CHRISTOPHE DE (1703-1781)
• BEAUMONT, SIR JOHN (1583–1627)

Beaumont, See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of Paris, who was sup-ported by the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court., Between 1763 and 1768, See also:

• DATES

dates which See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the revision of the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• CALAS, JEAN (1698-1762)

Calas and the trial of the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de See also:

• LALLY, THOMAS ARTHUR, COMTE DE

Lally, Maupeou was himself president of the parlement . In 1768, through the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of See also:

• CHOISEUL, CESAR
• CHOISEUL, ETIENNE FRANCOIS

Choiseul, whose fall two years later was in large measure his See also:

• WORK

work, he became chancellor in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to his father, who had held the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office for a few days only . He determined to support the royal authority against the parlement, which in See also:

• LEAGUE

league with the provincial magistratures was seeking to arrogate to itself the functions of the states-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general . He allied himself with the duc d'See also:

• AIGUILLON, EMMANUEL ARMAND DE WIGNEROD DU PLESSIS DE RICHELIEU
• AIGUILLON, MARIE MADELEINE DE WIGNEROD DU PONT DE COURLAY, DUCHESSE

Aiguillon and Madame du See also:

• BARRY
• BARRY, ELIZABETH (1658—1713)
• BARRY, JAMES (1741—1806)
• BARRY, SIR CHARLES (1795-1860)
• BARRY, SIR REDMOND (1813-188o)
• BARRY, SPRANGER (1719-1777)

Barry, and secured for a creature of his own, the See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

Abbe Terrai, the office of See also:

• COMPTROLLER

comptroller-general . The struggle came over the trial of the case of the duc d'Aiguillon, ex-See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany, and of La Chalotais, procureur-general of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, who had been imprisoned by the governor for accusations against his See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . When, the parlement showed signs of hostility against Aiguillon, Maupeou read letters patent from See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XV. annulling the proceedings . Louis replied to remonstrances from the parlement by a lit de See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, in which he demanded the surrender of the minutes of See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure . On the 27th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1770 appeared the Edit de reglement et de discipline, which was promulgated by the chancellor, forbidding the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of the various branches of the parlement and See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with the provincial magistratures . It also made a strike on the See also:

• PART

part of the parlement punishable by See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation of goods, and forbade further obstruction to the See also:

• REGISTRATION

registration of royal decrees after the royal reply had been given to a first remonstrance . This See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict the magistrates refused to See also:

• REGISTER

register, and it was registered in a lit de justice held at See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles on the 7th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, whereupon the parlement suspended its functions .

After five summonses to return to their duties, the magistrates were surprised individually on the See also:

• NIGHT

night of the 19th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1711 by musketeers, who required them to sign yes or no to a further See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request to return . See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty-eight magistrates gave an affirmative See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer, but on the See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile of their former colleagues by lettres de cachet they retracted, and were also exiled . Maupeou installed the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state to administer justice pending the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of six See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior courts in the provinces, and of a new parlement in Paris . The tour See also:

• DES

des aides was next suppressed . See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire praised this revolution, applauding the suppression of the old hereditary magistrature, but in general Maupeou's policy was regarded as the See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of tyranny . The remonstrances of the princes, of the nobles, and of the See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor courts, were met by exile and suppression, but by the end of 1771 the new See also:

• SYSTEM

system was established, and the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

Bar, which had offered a passive resistance, recommenced to plead . But the See also:

• DEATH

death of Louis XV. in May 1774 ruined the chancellor . The restoration of the parlements was followed by a renewal of the quarrels between the new See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king and the magistrature . Maupeou and Terrai were replaced by See also:

• MALESHERBES, CHRETIEN GUILLAUME DE LAMOIGNON DE (1721-1794)

Malesherbes and See also:

• TURGOT, ANNE ROBERT JACQUES, BARON DE

Turgot . Maupeou lived in See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat until his death at Thuit on the 29th of See also:

• JULY

July 1792, having lived to see the overthrow of the ancien regime . His work, in so far as it was directed towards the separation of the judicial and See also:

• POLITICAL

political functions and to the reform of the abuses attaching to a hereditary magistrature, was subsequently endorsed by the Revolution; but no See also:

• JUSTIFICATION

justification of his violent methods or See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of his intriguing and avaricious See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character is possible . He aimed at securing See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power for Louis XV., but his See also:

• ACTION

action was in reality a serious See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow to the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy .

The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief authority for the administration of Maupeou is the compte rendu in his own justification presented by him to Louis XVI. in 1789, which included a dossier of his speeches and edicts, and is preserved in the Bibliotheque nationale . These documents, in the hands of his former secretary, C . F . See also:

• LEBRUN, CHARLES FRANCCOIS
• LEBRUN, PIERRE ANTOINE (1785–1873)
• LEBRUN, PONCE DENIS ECOUCHARD (1729-1807)

Lebrun, duc de Plaisance, formed the basis of the judicial system of France as established under the consulate (cf . C . F . Lebrun, Opinions, rapports et choix d'ecrits politiques, published posthumously in 1829) . See further Maupeouana (6 vols., Paris, 1775), which contains the See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets directed against him; See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal hist. de la revolution operee . . . See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par M. de Maupeou (7 vols., 1775) ; the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official correspondence of See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

Mercy-Argenteau, the letters of Mme d'Epinay; and Jules Flammermont, Le Chancelier Maupeou et See also:

• LES

les parlements (1883) .