See also:

• JULIUS

JULIUS See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

ROBERT See also:

• MAYER, JOHANN TOBIAS (1723-1762)
• JULIUS ROBERT MAYER (1814-1878)

MAYER (1814-1878)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German physicist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• HEILBRONN

Heilbronn on the 25th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1814, studied See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine at See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen, See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich and See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and after a See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey to See also:

• JAVA

Java in 1840 as surgeon of a Dutch See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel obtained a medical See also:

• POST

post in his native See also:

• TOWN

town . He claims recognition as an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent a priori propounder of the " First See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law of See also:

• THERMODYNAMICS (from Gr. Bepµos, hot, Siva trs, force)

Thermodynamics," but more especially as having See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early and ably applied that law to the explanation of many remarkable phenomena, both cosmical and terrestrial . His first little See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper on the subject, " Bemerkungen giber See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Krdfte der unbelebten Natur," appeared in 1842 in See also:

• LIEBIG, JUSTUS VON, BARON (1803-1873)

Liebig's Annalen, five years after the republication, in the same See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal, of an See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract from K . F . See also:

• MOHR, KARL FRIEDRICH (1806-1879)

Mohr's paper on the nature of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, and three years later he published Die organische Bewegung in ihren Zusammenhange mit dem Stoffwechsel . It has been repeatedly claimed for See also:

• MAYER, JOHANN TOBIAS (1723-1762)
• MAYER, JULIUS ROBERT (1814-1878)

Mayer that he calculated the value of the dynamical See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent of heat, indirectly, no doubt, but in a manner altogether See also:

• FREE

free from See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error, and with a result according almost exactly with that obtained by J . P . See also:

• JOULE, JAMES PRESCOTT (1818–1889)

Joule after years of patient labour in See also:

• DIRECT

direct experimenting . This claim on Mayer's behalf was first shown to be baseless by W . See also:

• THOMSON, JAMES (1822-1892)
• THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882)
• THOMSON, JAMES (r700-1748)
• THOMSON, JOHN (1778-184o)
• THOMSON, JOSEPH (1858-1895)
• THOMSON, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE (1830-1882)
• THOMSON, THOMAS (1773-1852)
• THOMSON, WILLIAM (1819-189o)

Thomson (See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• KELVIN, WILLIAM THOMSON, BARON (1824-1907)

Kelvin) and P . G . See also:

• TAIT, ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL (1811-1882)
• TAIT, ARTHUR FITZWILLIAM (1819-1905)
• TAIT, PETER GUTHRIE (1831-1901)

Tait in an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on " See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

Energy," published in See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good Words in 1862, which gave rise to a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long but lively discussion .

A See also:

• CALM

calm and judicial annihilation of the claim is to be found in a brief article by See also:

• SIR

Sir G . G . See also:

• STOKES, SIR G
• STOKES, SIR GEORGE GABRIEL, BART
• STOKES, WHITLEY (1830-1909)

Stokes, Proc . See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

Roy . See also:

• SOC

Soc., 1871, p . 54 . See also See also:

• MAXWELL
• MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK (1831–1879)

Maxwell's Theory of Heat, See also:

• CHAP

chap. xiii . Mayer entirely ignored the See also:

• GRAND

grand fundamental principle laid down by Sadi See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI (1837-1894)
• CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD (1796-1832)

Carnot—that nothing can be concluded as to the relation between heat and See also:

• WORK

work from an experiment in which the working substance is See also:

• LEFT

left at the end of an operation in a different See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state from that in which it was at the commencement . Mayer has also been styled the discoverer of the fact that heat consists in (the energy of) See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion, a See also:

• MATTER

matter settled at the very end of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century by See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• RUMFORD, BENJAMIN THOMPSON, COUNT (1753-1814)

Rumford and Sir H . See also:

• DAVY, SIR HUMPHRY

Davy; but in the See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth of this statement we have Mayer's own words, " We might much rather assume the contrary—that in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to become heat motion must cease to be motion." 75", and consequently the See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

longitude at See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea to about See also:

• HALF

half a degree . An improved set was afterwards published in See also:

• LONDON

London (1770), as also the theory (Theoria lunae juxta systema Newtonianum, 1767) upon which the tables are based . His widow, by whom they were sent to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, received in See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration from the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government a See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of £3000 .

Appended to the London edition of the See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar and lunar tables are two See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short tracts—the one on determining longitude by lunar distances, together with a description of the repeating circle (invented by Mayer in 1V52), the other on a See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula for atmospheric See also:

• REFRACTION
• REFRACTION (Lat. refringere, to break open or apart)

refraction, which applies a remarkably accurate correction for temperature . Mayer left behind him a considerable quantity of See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript, See also:

• PART

part of which was collected by G . C . See also:

• LICHTENBERG
• LICHTENBERG, GEORG CHRISTOPH (1742-1799)

Lichtenberg and published in one See also:

• VOLUME

volume (See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

Opera inedita, See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1775) . It contains an easy and accurate method for calculating eclipses; an See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, in which three See also:

• PRIMARY

primary See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours are recognized; a See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue of 998 zodiacal stars; and a memoir, the earliest of any real value, on the proper motion of eighty stars, originally communicated to the Gottingen Royal Society in 1760 . The manuscript See also:

• RESIDUE (through the French, from the Lat. residuum, a remainder, from residere, to remain)

residue includes papers on atmospheric refraction (dated 1755), on the motion of See also:

• MARS
• MARS (MAYORS, MARMAR, MARSPITER GA MASPITER)
• MARS, MLLE [ANNE FRANCOISE HYPPOLYTE BOUTET] (1779-1847)

Mars as affected by the perturbations of See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter and the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

Earth (1756), and on terrestrial magnet-ism (176o and 1762) . In these last Mayer sought to explain the magnetic See also:

• ACTION

action of the earth by a modification of See also:

• EULER, LEONHARD (1707-1783)

Euler's See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis, and made the first really definite See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to establish a mathematical theory of magnetic action (C . See also:

• HANSTEEN, CHRISTOPHER (1784–1873)

Hansteen, Magnetismus der Erde, i . 283) . E . Klinkerfuss published in 1881 photo-lithographic reproductions of Mayer's See also:

• LOCAL

local charts and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map of the See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon; and his See also:

• STAR

star-catalogue was re-edited by F . See also:

• BAILY, EDWARD HODGES (1788-1867)
• BAILY, FRANCIS (1774-1844)
• BAILY, WILLIAM HELLIER (1819-1888)

Baily in 1830 (See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs Roy .

Astr . Soc. iv . 391) and by G . F . J . A . Auvers in 1894 . 934 Mayer's real merit consists in the fact that, having for himself made out, on inadequate and even questionable grounds, the conservation of energy, and having obtained (though by inaccurate reasoning) a numerical result correct so far as his data permitted, he applied the principle with See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and insight to the explanation of numerous physical phenomena . His papers, which were republished in a single volume with the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Die Mechanik der Warme (3rd ed., 1893), are of unequal merit . But some, especially those on See also:

• CELESTIAL, OR STELLAR

Celestial See also:

• DYNAMICS
• DYNAMICS (from Gr. bbvayts, strength)

Dynamics and Organic Motion, are admirable examples of what really valuable work may be effected by a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of high intellectual See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, in spite of imperfect See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information and defective See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic . Different, and it would appear exaggerated, estimates of Mayer are given in See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• TYNDALL, JOHN (182o-1893)

Tyndall's papers in the Phil . Mag., 1863–1864 (whose avowed See also:

• OBJECT

object was " to raise a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble and a suffering man to the position which his labours entitled him to occupy "), and in E .

Diihring's See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Mayer, der Galilei See also:

• DES

des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, See also:

• CHEMNITZ
• CHEMNITZ (or KEMNITZ), MARTIN (1522-1586)

Chemnitz, 1880 . Some of the simpler facts of the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case are summarized by Tait in the Phil . Mag., 1864, ii, 289 .