See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

MAYOR (See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major, greater)  , in See also:

• MODERN

modern times the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of a municipal officer who discharges judicial and administrative functions . The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the word is maire . In See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany the corresponding title is Burgermeister, in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy sindico, and in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain See also:

• ALCALDE (from the Arab. al-quadi, the " Cadi " or judge ")

alcalde . " See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

Mayor " had originally a much wider significance . Among the nations which arose on the ruins of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, and which made use of the Latin spoken by their " Roman " subjects as their See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official and legal See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major and the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Latin feminine majorissa were found to be very convenient terms to describe important officials of both sexes who had the superintendence of others . Any See also:

• FEMALE

female servant or slave in the houselold of a See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian, whose business it was to overlook other female servants or slaves, would be quite naturally called a majorissa . So the male officer who governed the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household would be the major domus . In the households of the Frankish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of the Merovingian See also:

• LINE

line, the major domus, who was also variously known as the gubernator, See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector, See also:

• MODERATOR (from Lat. moderare, to impose a modus, limit)

moderator or praefectus palatii, was so See also:

• GREAT

great an officer that he ended by evicting his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master . He was the " mayor of the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace " (q.v.) . The fact that his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office became hereditary in the See also:

• FAMILY

family of See also:

• PIPPIN, or PEPIN

Pippin of Heristal made the See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune of the Carolingian line . But besides the major domus (the major-domo), there were other See also:

• OFFICERS

officers who were majores, the major cubiculi, mayor of the bedchamber, and major equorum, mayor of the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse . In fact a word which could be applied so easily and with accuracy in so many circumstances was certain to be widely used by itself, or in its derivatives .

The See also:

• POST

post-See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine majorinus, " one of the larger See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind," was the origin of the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish merinus, who in Castillian is the See also:

• MERINO

merino, and sometimes the merino mayor, or See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief merino . He wasa judicial and administrative officer of the king's . The gregum merinus was the See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent of the flocks of the See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep-owners called the mesta . From him the sheep, and then the See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, have come to be known as merinos—a word identical in origin with the municipal title of mayor . The .latter came directly from the heads of See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds, and other associations of freemen, who had their banner and formed a See also:

• GROUP

group on the populations of the towns, the majores baneriae or vexilli . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the major is the modern representative of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord's See also:

• BAILIFF

bailiff or See also:

• REEVE (O. E. gerefa)
• REEVE, CLARA (1729–1807)
• REEVE, HENRY (1813–1895)

reeve (see See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

BOROUGH) . We find the chief See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate of See also:

• LONDON

London bearing the title of portreeve for considerably more than a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century after the See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest . This official was elected by popular choice, a See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege secured from king See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John . By the beginning of the 11th century the title of portreeve 1 gave way to that of mayor as the designation of the chief officer of 1 If a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place was of See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile importance it was called a See also:

• PORT

port (from Aorta, the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city See also:

• GATE

gate), and the reeve or bailiff, a " portreeve." London,l and the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of the title by other boroughs followed at various intervals . A mayor is now in England and See also:

• AMERICA

America the official See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a municipal See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . In the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom the Municipal Corporations See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act, 1882, s . 15, regulates the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of mayors .

He is to be a See also:

• FIT

fit See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person elected annually on the 9th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November by the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of the borough from among the aldermen or councillors or persons qualified to be such . His See also:

• TERM

term of office is one See also:

• YEAR

year, but he Is eligible for re-election . He may appoint a See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy to act during illness or See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence, and such deputy must be either an See also:

• ALDERMAN (from A.-S. ealdorman, compounded of the comparative degree of the adjective eald, old, and man)

alderman or councillor . A mayor who is absent from the borough for more than two months becomes disqualified and vacates his office . A mayor is ex officio during his year of office and the next year a See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace for the borough . He receives such remuneration as the council thinks reasonable . The office of mayor in an See also:

• ENGLISH

English borough does not See also:

• ENTAIL (from Fr. tailler, to cut; the old derivation from tales haeredes is now abandoned)

entail any important administrative duties . It is generally regarded as an See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour conferred for past services . The mayor is expected to devote much of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to ornamental functions and to preside over meetings which have for their See also:

• OBJECT

object the See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement of the public welfare . His administrative duties are merely to act as returning officer at municipal elections, and as chairman of the meetings of the council . The position and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of an English mayor contrast very strongly with those of the similar official in the United States . The latter is elected directly by the voters within the city, usually for several years; and he has extensive administrative See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers .

The English method of selecting a mayor by the council is followed for the corresponding functionaries in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France (except See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris), the more important cities of Italy, and in Germany, where, however, the central government must confirm the choice of the council . See also:

• DIRECT

Direct See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment by the central government exists in See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden and the smaller towns of Italy and Spain . As a See also:

• RULE

rule, too, the term of office is longer in other countries than in the United Kingdom . In France election is for four years, in Holland for six, in Belgium for an indefinite See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, and in Germany usually for twelve years, but in some cases for See also:

• LIFE

life . In Germany the post may be said to be a professional one, the burgomaster being the head of the city magistracy, and requiring, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to be eligible, a training in See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German burgomasters are most frequently elected by promotion from another city . In France the maire, and a number of experienced members termed " adjuncts," who assist him as an executive See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee, are elected directly by the municipal council from among their own number . Most of the administrative See also:

• WORK

work is See also:

• LEFT

left in the hands of the maire and his adjuncts, the full council See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting comparatively seldom . The maire and the adjuncts receive no See also:

• SALARY

salary . Further See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information will be found in the sections on See also:

• LOCAL

local government in the articles on the various countries; see also A . See also:

• SHAW, GEORGE BERNARD (1856– )
• SHAW, HENRY WHEELER (1818–1885)
• SHAW, LEMUEL (1781–1861)
• SHAW, RICHARD NORMAN (1831– )

Shaw, Municipal Government in See also:

• CONTINENTAL

Continental See also:

• EUROPE

Europe; J . A .

Fairlie, Municipal Administration; S. and B . See also:

• WEBB, MATTHEW (1848-1883)
• WEBB, SIDNEY (1859– )

Webb, English Local Government; Redlich and Hirst, Local Government in England; A . L . See also:

• LOWELL
• LOWELL, ABBOTT LAWRENCE (1856— )
• LOWELL, CHARLES RUSSELL (1835-1864)
• LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL (1819-1891)
• LOWELL, JOHN (1743-1802)

Lowell, The Government of England .