See also:

• MAZURKA (Polish for a woman of the province of Mazovia)

MAZURKA (See also:

• POLISH

Polish for a woman of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Mazovia)  , a lively See also:

• DANCE
• DANCE (Fr. danse; of obscure origin, connected with Old High Ger. danson, to stretch)

dance, originating in See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, somewhat resembling the See also:

• POLKA (either from the Czech pulka, half, with an allusion to the short steps characteristic of the dance, or from the Polish Polka, feminine of Polak, a Pole)

polka . It is danced in couples, the See also:

• MUSIC

music being ins or 4 See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . MAllARA DEL VALLO, a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• TRAPANI (anc. Drepanum)

Trapani, on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island, 32 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail S. of Trapani . Pop . (1901), 20,130 . It is the seat of a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop; the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, founded in 1093, was rebuilt in the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, at the south-eastern See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of the town walls, was erected in 1073 . The mouth of the See also:

• RIVER

river, which bears the same name, serves as a See also:

• PORT

port for small See also:

• SHIPS

ships only . Mazzara was in origin a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of See also:

• SELINUS (EeXsvoiis)

Selinus: it was destroyed in 409, but it is mentioned again as a Carthaginian fortress in the First Punic See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War and as a See also:

• POST

post station on the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman coast road, though whether it had municipal rights is doubtful.' A few See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions of the imperial See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period exist, but no other remains of importance . On the west See also:

• BANK

bank of the river are grottoes cut in the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, of uncertain date: and there are quarries in theneighbourhood resembling those of See also:

• SYRACUSE
• SYRACUSE (Gr. Mvpaaovoat; Lat. Syracusae, Ital. Siracusa)

Syracuse, but on a smaller See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale . See A . See also:

• CASTIGLIONE, BALDASSARE (1478–1529)
• CASTIGLIONE, CARLO OTTAVIO, COUNT (1784–1849)
• CASTIGLIONE, GIOVANNI BENEDETTO (1616–1670)

Castiglione, Salle cose antiche della cittd di Mazzara (See also:

• ALCAMO

Alcamo, 1878) .

MAllINI, GIUSEPPE (1805-1872), See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian patriot, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 22nd of See also:

• JUNE

June 1805 at See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa, where his See also:

• FATHER

father, Giacomo Mazzini, was a physician in See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good practice, and a See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor in the university . His See also:

• MOTHER

mother is described as having been a woman of See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PERSONAL

personal beauty, as well as of active See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect and strong affections . During See also:

• INFANCY

infancy and childhood his See also:

• HEALTH

health was extremely delicate, and it appears that he was nearly six years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age before he was quite able to walk; but he had already begun to devour books of.all kinds and to show other signs of great intellectual precocity . He studied Latin with his first See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor, ' Th . See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen in Corpus inscr. See also:

• LAT

lat . (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1883), x . 739 . an old See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest, but no one directed his extensive course of See also:

• READING

reading . He became a student at the university of Genoa at an unusually See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early age, and intended to follow his father's profession, but being unable to conquer his horror of See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy, he decided to See also:

• GRADUATE (Med. Lat. graduale, to admit to an academical degree, gradus)

graduate in See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law (1826) . His exceptional abilities, together with his remarkable generosity, kindness and loftiness of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, endeared him to his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow students . As to his inner See also:

• LIFE

life during this period, we have only one brief but significant See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence; " for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time," he says, " my mind was some-what tainted by the doctrines of the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign materialistic school; but the study of See also:

• HISTORY

history and the intuitions of See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience—the only tests of truth—soon led me back to the See also:

• SPIRITUALISM

spiritualism of our Italian fathers." The natural See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent of his See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius was towards literature, and, in the course of the four years of his nominal connexion with the legal profession, he wrote a considerable number of essays and reviews, some of which have been wholly or partially reproduced in the See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical and See also:

• LITERARY

literary volumes of his Life and Writings . His first See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay, characteristically enough on " See also:

• DANTE

Dante's Love of See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

Country," was sent to the editor of the Antologia fiorentina in 1826, but did not appear until some years afterwards in the Subalpino .

He was an ardent supporter of romanticism as against what he called " literary See also:

• SERVITUDE (Lat. servitus, from service, to serve)

servitude under the name of classicism "; and in this See also:

• INTEREST

interest all his critiques (as, for example, that of Giannoni's " See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

Exile " in the Indicatore Livornese, 1829) were penned . But in the meantime the " republican instincts " which he tells us he had inherited from his mother had been developing, and his sense of the evils under which See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy was groaning had been intensified; and at the same time he became possessed with the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that Italians, and he himself in particular, " could and therefore ought to struggle for See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of country." Therefore, he at once put aside his dearest ambition, that of producing a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete history of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, developing his See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of a new See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology uniting the spiritual with the practical life, and devoted himself to See also:

• POLITICAL

political thought . His literary articles accordingly became more and more suggestive of advanced liberalism in politics, and led to the suppression by See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the Indicatore Genovese and the Indicatore Livornese successively . Having joined the See also:

• CARBONARI (an Italian word meaning " charcoal-burners ")

Carbonari, he soon See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to one of the higher grades in their See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy, and was entrusted with a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• MISSION

mission into See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany; but, as his acquaintance See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew, his dissatisfaction with the organization of the society increased, and he was already meditating the formation of a new association stripped of foolish mysterious and theatrical formulae, which instead of merely combating existing authorities should have a definite and purely patriotic aim, when shortly after the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French revolution of I 83o he was betrayed, while initiating a new member, to the Piedmontese authorities . He was imprisoned in the fortress of See also:

• SAVONA

Savona on the western See also:

• RIVIERA

Riviera for about six months, when, a conviction having been found impracticable through deficiency of See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence, he was released, but upon conditions involving so many restrictions of his liberty that he preferred the alternative of leaving the country . He withdrew accordingly into See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, living chiefly in See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles . While in his lonely See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell at Savona, in presence of " those symbols of the See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite, the See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky and the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea," with a See also:

• GREENFINCH (Ger. Griinfink), or GREEN LINNET

greenfinch for his See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion, and having See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to no books but " a See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus, a See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron, and a See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible," he had finally become aware of the great mission or " apostolate " (as he himself called it) of his life; and soon after his See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release his See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison meditations took shape in the See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme of the organization which was destined soon to become so famous throughout See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, that of La Giovine Italia, or See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

Young Italy . Its publicly avowed aims were to be the liberation of Italy both from foreign and domestic tyranny, and its unification under a republican See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of government; the means to be used were See also:

• EDUCATION

education, and, where advisable, insurrection by See also:

• GUERRILLA (erroneously written " guerilla," being the diminutive of the Span. guerra, war)

guerrilla bands; the See also:

• MOTTO (an Italian word, from Late Lat. muttum, a low sound, a mutter or murmur, cf. mutere, to mutter; the Latin word also gives Fr. mot, word)

motto was to be " See also:

• GOD

God and the See also:

• PEOPLE

people," and the banner was to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear on one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side the words " Unity " and " See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence " and on the other " Liberty," " Equality," and " Humanity," to describe respectively the See also:

• NATIONAL

national and the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international aims . In See also:

• APRIL

April 1831 See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert, " the ex-Carbonaro conspirator of 1821," succeeded Charles See also:

• FELIX
• FELIX, ANTONIUS
• FELIX, LIA (1830– )

Felix on the Sardinian See also:

• THRONE

throne, and towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of that See also:

• YEAR

year Mazzini, making himself, as he afterwards confessed, " the interpreter of a See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope which he did not See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share," wrote the new See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter, published at Marseilles, urging him to take the See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead in the impending struggle for Italian independence . Clandestinely reprinted, and rapidly circulated all over Italy, its bold and out-spoken words produced a great sensation, but so deep was the offence it gave to the Sardinian government that orders were issued for the immediate See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest and imprisonment of the author should he See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to See also:

• CROSS

cross the frontier . Towards the end of the same year appeared the important Young Italy " Manifesto," the substance of which is given in the first See also:

• VOLUME

volume of the Life and Writings of Mazzini; and this was followed soon afterwards by the society's See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal, which, smuggled across the Italian frontier, had great success in the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects for which it was written, numerous " congregations " being formed at Genoa, See also:

• LEGHORN (Ital. Livorno, Fr. Livourne)

Leghorn, and elsewhere . Representations were consequently made by the Sardinian to the French government, which issued in an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order for Mazzini's withdrawal from Marseilles (Aug .

1832); he lingered for a few months in concealment, but ultimately found it necessary to retire into See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland . From this point it is somewhat difficult to follow the career of the mysterious and terrible conspirator who for twenty years out of the next See also:

• THIRTY

thirty led a life of voluntary imprisonment (as he himself tells us) " within the four walls of a See also:

• ROOM

room," and " kept no See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of See also:

• DATES

dates, made no See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical notes, and preserved no copies of letters." In 1833, however, he is known to have been concerned in an abortive revolutionary See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement which took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the Sardinian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army; several executions took place, and he himself was laid under sentence of See also:

• DEATH

death . Before the close of the same year a similar movement in Genoa had been planned, but failed through the youth and inexperience of the leaders . At See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva, also in 1833, Mazzini set on See also:

• FOOT

foot L'Europe Centrale, a journal of which one of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main objects was the emancipation of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy; but he did not confine himself to a merely literary agitation for this end . Chiefly through his agency a considerable See also:

• BODY

body of See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, See also:

• POLISH

Polish and Italian exiles was organized, and an armed invasion of the duchy planned . The frontier was actually crossed on the 1st of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1834, but the attack ignominiously See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke down without a shot having been fired . Mazzini, who personally accompanied the expedition, is no doubt correct in attributing the failure to dissensions with the Carbonari leaders in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and to want of a cordial under-See also:

• STANDING

standing between himself and the Savoyard Ramorino, who had been chosen as military See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader . In April 1834 the " Young Europe " association " of men believing in a future of liberty, equality and fraternity for all mankind, and desirous of consecrating their thoughts and actions to the realization of that future " was formed also under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Mazzini's See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm; it was followed soon after-wards by a " Young Switzerland " society, having for its leading idea the formation of an Alpine See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation, to include Switzerland, Tyrol, Savoy and the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the Alpine See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain as well . But La Jeune Suisse newspaper was compelled to stop within a year, and in other respects the affairs of the struggling patriot became embarrassed . He was permitted to remain at Grenchen in Solothurn for a while, but at last the Swiss See also:

• DIET

diet, yielding to strong and persistent pressure from abroad, exiled him about the end of 1836 . In See also:

• JANUARY

January 1837 he arrived in See also:

• LONDON

London, where for many months he had to carry on a hard fight with poverty and the sense of spiritual loneliness, so touchingly described by himself in the first volume of the Life and Writings . Ultimately, as he gained command of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, he began to See also:

• EARN

earn a livelihood by See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review articles, some of which have since been reprinted, and are of a high order of literary merit; they include papers on "Italian Literature since 183o " and " See also:

• PAOLO (GIROLAMO GASPARE)5 (1532-1600)

Paolo See also:

• SARPI, PAOLO (1552-1623)

Sarpi " in the See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster Review, articles on " See also:

• LAMENNAIS, HUGUES

Lamennais," " See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

Sand," " Byron and See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe " in the Monthly See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle, and on " Lamartine," " See also:

• CARLYLE, ALEXANDER (1722-1805)
• CARLYLE, JOSEPH DACRE (1759-18o4)
• CARLYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881)

Carlyle," and" The See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor See also:

• WORKS

Works of Dante " in the See also:

• BRITISH

British and Foreign Review .

In 1839 he entered into relations with the revolutionary committees sitting in See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta and Paris, and in 184o he originated a working men's association, and the weekly journal entitled Apostolato read with admiration and intellectual See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure, as well as his Popolare, in which the admirable popular See also:

• TREATISE

treatise " On the Duties of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man " was commenced . Among the patriotic and philanthropic labours undertaken by Mazzini during this period of retirement in London may be mentioned a See also:

• FREE

free evening school conducted by himself and a few others for some years, at which several hundreds of Italian See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children received at least the rudiments of See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular and religious education . He also exposed and combated the infamous See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic carried on in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Italy, where scoundrels bought small boys from poverty-stricken parents and carried them off to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and elsewhere to grind See also:

• ORGANS

organs and suffer martyrdom at the hands of cruel taskmasters . The most memorable See also:

• EPISODE

episode in his life during the same period was perhaps that which arose out of the conduct of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• GRAHAM, SIR GERALD (1831–1899)
• GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE
• GRAHAM, SYLVESTER (1794-1851)
• GRAHAM, THOMAS (1805-1869)

Graham, the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home secretary, in systematically, for some months, opening Mazzini's letters as they passed through the British post See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, and communicating their contents to the Neapolitan government—a proceeding which was believed at the time to have led to the arrest and See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers See also:

• BANDIERA, ATTILIO (1811—1844)

Bandiera, See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian subjects, who had been planning an expedition against See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, although the See also:

• RECENT

recent publication of Sir James Graham's life seems to exonerate him from the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge . The prolonged discussions in See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, and the See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report of the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee appointed to inquire into the See also:

• MATTER

matter, did not, however, lead to any practical result, unless indeed the incidental vindication of Mazzini's character, which had been recklessly assailed in the course of debate . In this connexion See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Carlyle wrote to The Times: " I have had the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour to know Mr Mazzini for a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of years, and, whatever I may think of his practical insight and skill in worldly affairs, I can with great freedom testify that he, if I have ever seen one such, is a man of genius and virtue, one of those rare men, numerable unfortunately but as See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units in this See also:

• WORLD

world, who are worthy to be called See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

martyr souls; who in silence, piously in their daily life, practise what is meant by that." Mazzini did not share the enthusiastic hopes everywhere raised in the ranks of the Liberal party throughout Europe by the first acts of See also:

• PIUS

Pius IX., in 1846, but at the same time he availed himself, towards the end of 1847, of the opportunity to publish a letter addressed to the new See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope, indicating the nature of the religious and national mission which the Liberals expected him to under-take . The leaders of the revolutionary outbreaks in See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan and See also:

• MESSINA

Messina in the beginning of 1848 had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been in secret See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with Mazzini; and their See also:

• ACTION

action, along with the revolution in Paris, brought him early in the same year to Italy, where he took a great and active interest in the events which dragged Charles Albert into an unprofitable war with See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria; he actually for a short time See also:

• BORE

bore arms under See also:

• GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE (1807-1882)

Garibaldi immediately before the reoccupation of Milan, but ultimately, after vain attempts to maintain the insurrection in the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain districts, found it necessary to retire to See also:

• LUGANO (Ger. Lauis)
• LUGANO, LAKE OF (also called CERESIO)

Lugano . In the beginning of the following year he was nominated a member of the short-lived provisional government of Tuscany formed after the See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of the See also:

• GRAND

grand-See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke, and almost simultaneously, when See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome had, in consequence of the withdrawal of Pius IX., been proclaimed a See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, he was declared a member of the constituent See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly there . A See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month afterwards, the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• NOVARA

Novara having again decided against Charles Albert in the brief struggle with Austria, into which he had once more been See also:

• DRAWN

drawn, Mazzini was appointed a member of the Roman triumvirate, with supreme executive See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 23, 1849) . The opportunity he now had for showing the administrative and political ability which he was believed to possess was more apparent than real, for the approach of the professedly friendly French troops soon led to hostilities, and resulted in a See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege which terminated, towards the end of June, with the assembly's See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution to discontinue the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, and Mazzini's indignant resignation . That he succeeded, however, for so long a time, and in circumstances so adverse, in maintaining a high degree of order within the turbulent See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city is a fact that speaks for itself . His See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy, backed as it was by no adequate See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical force, naturally showed at the time to very great disadvantage, but his See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official correspondence and proclamations can still be eloquent vindication of the revolution in his published " Letter to MM. de See also:

• TOCQUEVILLE, ALEXIS HENRI CHARLES MAURICE CLEREL, COMTE DE (1805-18J9)

Tocqueville and de Falioux .

The surrender of the city on the 3oth of June was followed by Mazzini's not too precipitate flight by way of Marseilles into Switzerland, whence he once more found his way to London . Here in 185o he became See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the National Italian Committee, and at the same time entered into close relations with Ledru-See also:

• ROLLIN, CHARLES (1661-1741)

Rollin and See also:

• KOSSUTH, FERENCZ LAJOS AKOS (1841– )
• KOSSUTH, LAJOS [Louis] (1802-1894)

Kossuth . He had a See also:

• FIRM

firm belief in the value of revolutionary attempts, however hopeless they might seem; he had a See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand in the abortive rising at See also:

• MANTUA (Ital. Mantova)

Mantua in 1852, and again, in February 1853, a consider-able share in the See also:

• ILL

ill-planned insurrection at Milan on the 6th of February 1853, the failure of which greatly weakened his influence; once more, in 1854i he had gone far with preparations for renewed action when his plans were completely disconcerted by the withdrawal of professed supporters, and by the action of the French and English governments in sending ships of war to Naples . The year 1857 found him yet once more in Italy, where, for complicity in short-lived emeutes which took place at Genoa, Leghorn and Naples, he was again laid under sentence of death . Undiscouraged in the pursuit of the one great aim of his life by any such incidents as these, he returned to London, where he edited his new journal Pensiero ed Azione, in which the See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden of his See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message to the overcautious practical politicians of Italy was: " I am but a See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice crying Action; but the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of Italy craes for it also . So do the best men and people of her cities . Do you wish to destroy my influence ? See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act." The same See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone was at a somewhat later date assumed in the letter he wrote to See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL

Emmanuel, urging him to put himself at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the movement for Italian unity, and promising republican support . As regards the events of 1859-186o, however, it maybe questioned whether, through his characteristic inability to distinguish between the ideally perfect and the practically possible, he did not actually hinder more than he helped the course of events by which the realization of so much of the great See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream of his life was at last brought about . If Mazzini was the See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet of Italian unity, and Garibaldi its See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight errant, to See also:

• CAVOUR (anc. Caburrum or Forum Vibii)
• CAVOUR, CAMILLO BENSO, COUNT (1810–18.61)

Cavour alone belongs the honour of having been the statesman by whom it was finally accomplished . After the irresistible pressure of the popular movement had led to the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment not of an Italian republic but of an Italian See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, Mazzini could honestly enough write, " I too have striven to realize unity under a monarchical See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag," but candour compelled him to add, " The Italian people are led astray by a delusion at the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, a delusion which has induced them to substitute material for moral unity and their own reorganization . Not so I .

I See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow my head sorrowfully to the See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty of the national will; but See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy will never number me amongst its servants or followers." In 1865, by way of protest against the still uncancelled sentence of death under which he See also:

• LAY

lay, Mazzini was elected by Messina as delegate to the Italian parliament, but, feeling himself unable to take the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath of See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to the monarchy, he never took his seat . In the following year, when a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty was granted after the cession of See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice to Italy, the sentence of death was at last removed, but he declined to accept such an " offer of oblivion and See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon for having loved Italy above all earthly things." In May 1869 he was again expelled from Switzerland at the instance of the Italian government for having conspired with Garibaldi; after a few months spent in England he set out (187o) for Sicily, but was promptly arrested at sea and carried to See also:

• GAETA (anc. Caietae Portus)

Gaeta, where he was imprisoned for two months . Events soon made it evident that there was little danger to fear from the contemplated rising, and the occasion of the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of a See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince was seized for restoring him to liberty . The See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his life, spent partly in London and partly at Lugano, presents no noteworthy incidents . For some time his health had been far from satisfactory, but the immediate cause of his death was an attack of See also:

• PLEURISY, or PLEURITIS (Gr. srXeiipc =ribs)

pleurisy with which he was seized at See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa, and which terminated fatally on the loth of March 1872 . The Italian parliament by a unanimous See also:

• VOTE

vote expressed the national sorrow with which the tidings of his death had been received, the president pronouncing an eloquent eulogy on the departed patriot as a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of disinterestedness and self-denial, and one who had dedicated his whole life ungrudgingly to the cause of his country's freedom . A public funeral took place at Pisa on the 14th of March, and the remains were afterwards conveyed to Genoa . (J . S . BL.) The published writings of Mazzini, mostly occasional, are very voluminous . An edition was begun by himself and continued by A . See also:

• SAFFI

Saffi, Scritti editi e inediti di Giuseppe Mazzini, in 18 vols .

(Milan and Rome, 1861—1891); many of the most important are found in the partially autobiographical Life and Writings of See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph Mazzini (1864–187o) and the two most systematic—Thoughts upon See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

Democracy in Europe, a remarkable series of criticisms on Benthamism, St Simonian+sm, Fourierism, and other economic and socialistic See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of the day, and the treatise On the Duties of Man, an admirable primer of See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

ethics, dedicated to the Italian working class—will be found in Joseph Mazzini: a Memoir, by Mrs E . A . Venturi (London, 1875) . Mazzini's " first great See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice," he tells us, was " the renunciation of the career of literature for the more See also:

• DIRECT

direct path of political action," and as See also:

• LATE

late as 1861 we find him still recurring to the long-cherished hope of being able to leave the stormy See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena of politics and consecrate the last years of his life to the dream of his youth . He had specially contemplated three considerable literary undertakings—a volume of Thoughts on Religion, a popular History of Italy, to enable the working classes to apprehend what he conceived to be the " mission " of Italy in God's providential ordering of the world, and a comprehensive collection of See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• CLASSICS

classics into Italian . None of these was actually achieved . No one, however, can read even the briefest and most occasional writing of Mazzini without gaining some impression of the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple grandeur of the man, the lofty See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of his moral tone, his unwavering faith in the living God, who is ever revealing Himself in the progressive development of humanity . His last public utterance is to be found in a highly characteristic See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on See also:

• RENAN, ERNEST (1823-1892)

Renan's Reforme Morale et Intellectuelle, finished on the 3rd of March 1872, and published in the Fortnightly Review for February 1874 . Of the 40,000 letters of Mazzini only a small See also:

• PART

part have been published . In 1887 two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred unpublished letters were printed at See also:

• TURIN

Turin (Duecento lettere inedite di Giuseppe Mazzini), in 1895 the Lettres intimes were published in Paris, and in 1905 See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco Rosso published,Lettre inedite di Giuseppe Mazzini (Turin, 1905) . A popular edition of Mazzini's writings has been undertaken by order of the Italian government . For Mazzini's See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography see Jessie See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White See also:

• MARIO, GIUSEPPE, COUNT OF CANDIA (1810-1883)

Mario, Della vita di Giuseppe Mazzini (Milan, 1886), a useful if somewhat too enthusiastic See also:

• WORK

work; See also:

• BOLTON (BOLTON-LE-MOORS)
• BOLTON (or BOULTON), EDMUND (1S75?-1633?)
• BOLTON, DUKES OF

Bolton King, Mazzini (London, 1903); See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count von See also:

• SCHACK, ADOLF FRIEDRICH, GRAF VON (1815-1894)

Schack, Joseph Mazzini and See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die italienische Einheit (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1891) .

A . Luzio's Giuseppe Mazzini (Milan, 1905) contains a great See also:

• DEAL

deal of valuable See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information, See also:

• BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

bibliographical and other, and Dora Melegari in La giovine Italia e Giuseppe Mazzini (Milan, 1906) publishes the correspondence between Mazzini and See also:

• LUIGI

Luigi A . Melegari during the early days of " Young Italy." For the literary side of Mazzini's life see Peretti, Gli scritti letterarii di Giuseppe Mazzini (Turin, 1904) . (L . V.*) MAllONI, GIACOMO (1548-1598), Italian philosopher, was born at See also:

• CESENA (anc. Caesena)

Cesena and died at See also:

• FERRARA

Ferrara . A member of a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• FAMILY

family and highly educated, he was one of the most eminent savants of the period . He occupied chairs in the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities of Pisa and Rome, was one of the founders of the Della Crusca See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy, and had the distinction, it is said, of thrice vanquishing the Admirable See also:

• CRICHTON, JAMES (156o-? 1582)

Crichton in See also:

• DIALECTIC, or DIALECTICS

dialectic . His See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief work in See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy was an attempt to reconcile See also:

• PLATO

Plato and See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, and in this spirit he published in 1597 a treatise In universam Platonis et Aristotelis philosophiam praecludia . He wrote also De triplici hominum vita, wherein he outlined a theory of the infinite perfection and development of nature . Apart from philosophy, he was prominent in literature as the See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of Dante, and produced two works in the poet's defence: Discorso composto in difesa della comedia di Dante (1572), and Della difesa della comedia di Dante (1587, reprinted 1688) . He was an authority on ancient See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages and See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology, and gave a great impetus to the scientific study of the Italian language . MAllONI, GUIDO (18J9— ), Italian poet, was born at See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, and educated at Pisa and See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna .

In 1887 he became professor of Italian at See also:

• PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua, and in 1894 at Florence . He was much influenced by See also:

• CARDUCCI, BARTOLOMMEO (156o-161o)
• CARDUCCI, GIOSUE (1836-1907)

Carducci, and became prominent both as a prolific and well-read critic and as a poet of individual distinction . His chief volumes of See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse are Versi (188o), Nuove poesie (1886), Poesie (1891), Voci della vita (1893) .