MCGIFFERT  , .

ARTHUR CUSHMAN (1861– ), American theologian, was born in Sauquoit, New York, on the 4th of March 1861, the son of a Presbyterian clergyman of Scotch descent . He graduated at Western Reserve College in 1882 and at Union theological seminary in 1885, studied in Germany (especially under Harnack) in 1885-1887, and in Italy and France in 1888, and in that year received the degree of doctor of philosophy at Marburg . He was instructor (1888–189o) and professor (1890–1893) of church history at Lane theological seminary, and in 1893 became Washburn professor of church history in Union theological seminary, succeeding Dr Philip Schaff . His published work, except occasional critical studies in philosophy, dealt with church history and the history of dogma . His best known publication is a History of Christianity in the Apostolic Age (1897) . This book, by its independent criticism and departures from traditionalism, aroused the opposition of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church; though the charges brought against McGiffert were dismissed by the Presbytery of New York, to which they had been referred, a trial for heresy seemed inevitable, and McGiffert, in 1900, retired from the Presbyterian ministry and entered the Congregational Church, although he retained his position in Union theological seminary . Among his other publications are: A Dialogue between a Christian and a Jew (1888); a translation (with introduction and notes) of Eusebius's Church History (189o); and The Apostles' Creed (1902), in which he attempted to prove that the old Roman creed was formulated as a protest against the dualism of Marcion and his denial of the reality of Jesus's life on earth . McGILLIVRAY, ALEXANDER (c . 1739–1793), American Indian chief, was born near the site of the present Wetumpka, in Alabama . His father was a Scotch merchant and his mother the daughter of a French officer and an Indian "princess." Through his father's relatives in South Carolina, McGillivray received a good education, but at the age of seventeen, after a short experience as a merchant in Savannah and Pensacola, he returned to the Muscogee Indians, who elected him chief . He retained his connexion with business life as a member of the British firm of Panton, Forbes & Leslie of Pensacola .

During the

War of Independence, as a colonel in the British army, he incited his followers to attack the western frontiers of Georgia and the Carolinas . Georgia confiscated some of his property, and after the peace of 1783 McGillivray remained hostile . Though still retaining his British commission, he accepted one from Spain, and during the remainder of his life used his influence to prevent American settlement in the south-west . So important was he considered that in 1790 President Washington sent an agent who induced him to visit New York . Here he was persuaded to make peace in consideration of a brigadier-general's commission and payment for the property confiscated by Georgia; and with the warriors who accompanied him he signed a formal treaty of peace and friendship on the 7th of August . He then went back to the Indian country, and remained hostile to the Americans until his death . He was one of the ablest Indian leaders of America and at one time wielded great power—having 5000 to 10,000 armed followers . In order to serve Indian interests he played off British, Spanish and American interests against one another, but before he died he saw that he was fighting in a losing cause, and, changing his policy, endeavoured to provide for the training of the Muscogees in the white man's civilization . McGillivray was polished in manners, of cultivated intellect, was a shrewd merchant, and a successful speculator; but he had many savage traits, being noted for his treachery, craftiness and love of barbaric display . (W . L .