See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

MECCA (Arab. Makkah)  ,' the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town of the See also:

• HEJAZ (H1JAz)

Hejaz in See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia, and the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• HOLY

holy See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• ISLAM

Islam . It is situated two See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

marches (the resting-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place being Bahra or Hadda), or about 45 M. almost due E., from See also:

• JIDDA (also written JEDDAH, DJIDDAH, DJEDDEH)

Jidda on the Red See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea . Thus on a rough estimate See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca lies in 210 25' N., 390 50' E . It is said in the See also:

• KORAN

Koran (Sur. xiv . 40) that Mecca lies in a sterile valley, and the old geographers observe that the whole Haram or sacred territory See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the city is almost without cultivation or date palms, while See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit trees, springs, See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells, gardens and See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green valleys are found immediately beyond . Mecca in fact lies in the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of rough hills, intersected by a See also:

• LABYRINTH (Gr. Xa(3vpcvOos, Lat. labyrinthus)

labyrinth of narrow valleys and passes, and projecting into the Tehama or See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country on the Red Sea, in front of the great See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall that divides the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-lands from the central See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, though in turn they are themselves separated from the sea by a second See also:

• CURTAIN

curtain of hills forming the western wall of the great See also:

• WADI

Wadi Marr . The inner mountain wall is pierced by only two great passes, and the valleys descending from these embrace on both sides the Mecca hills . Holding this position commanding two great routes between the lowlands and inner Arabia, and situated in a narrow and ' A variant of the name Makkah is Bakkah (Sur. iii . 9o; See also:

• BAKRI

Bakri, 155 seq.) . For other names and honorific epithets of the city see Bakri, ut supra, Azraqi, p . 197, Yaqut iv . 617 seq .

The lists are in See also:

• PART

part corrupt, and some of the names (Kutha and 'Arsh or 'Ursh, the huts ') are not properly names of the town as a whole.barren valley incapable of supporting an See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, Mecca must have been from the first a commercial centre ? In the palmy days of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Arabia it was probably a station on the great See also:

• INCENSE

incense route, and thus See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy may have learned the name, which he writes Makoraba . At all events, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long before See also:

• MAHOMET (strictly MUHAMMAD, commonly also MOHAMMED)

Mahomet we find Mecca established in the twofold quality of a commercial centre and a privileged holy place, surrounded by an inviolable territory (the Haram), which was not the See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary of a single tribe but a place of See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage, where religious observances were associated with a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• ANNUAL

annual fairs at different points in the vicinity . Indeed in the unsettled See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the country See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce was possible only under the sanctions of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, and through the provisions of the sacred truce which prohibited See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war for four months of the See also:

• YEAR

year, three of these being the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month of pilgrimage, with those immediately preceding and following . The first of the series of fairs in which the Meccans had an See also:

• INTEREST

interest was at Okaz on the easier road between Mecca and Taif, where there was also a sanctuary, and from it the visitors moved on to points still nearer Mecca (Majanna, and finally Dhul-Majaz, on the flank of See also:

• JEBEL (plur. jibed)

Jebel Kabkab behind Arafa) where further fairs were held,3 culminating in the See also:

• SPECIAL

special religious ceremonies of the great feast at 'Arafa, Quzah (Mozdalif a), and Mecca itself . The See also:

• SYSTEM

system of intercalation in the lunar See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar of the See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen See also:

• ARABS

Arabs was designed to secure that the feast should always fall at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when the hides, fruits and other merchandise were ready for See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market,' and the Meccans, who knew how to attract the See also:

• BEDOUINS (Ahl Bedu, " dwellers in the open land," or Ahl el beit, " people of the tent," as they call themselves)

Bedouins by hospitality, bought up these wares in See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange for imported goods, and so became the leaders of the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of Arabia . Their caravans traversed the length and breadth of the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula . See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, and especially See also:

• GAZA (or `AllAH, mod. Ghuzzeh)
• GAZA, THEODORUS (c. 1400-1475)

Gaza, was their chief See also:

• GOAL

goal . The Syrian See also:

• CARAVAN (more correctly Karwan)

caravan intercepted, on its return, at Badr (see MAHOMET) represented See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital to the value of £20,000, an enormous sum for those days.' The victory of Mahommedanism made a vast See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the position of Mecca . The See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy became satraps or pensioners of a great See also:

• EMPIRE

empire; but the seat of dominion was removed beyond the See also:

• DESERT

desert, and though Mecca and the Hejaz strove for a time to maintain See also:

• POLITICAL

political as well as religious pre-dominance, the struggle was vain, and terminated on the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• IBN

Ibn Zubair, the Meccan pretendant to the See also:

• CALIPHATE

caliphate, when the city was taken by Hajjaj (A.D . 692) . The sanctuary and feast of Mecca received, however, a new See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige from the victory of Islam .

Purged of elements obviously heathen, the Ka'ba became the holiest site, and the pilgrimage the most sacred See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual observance of Mahommedanism, See also:

• DRAWING

drawing worshippers from so wide a circle that the confluence of the See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty traders of the desert was no longer the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main feature of the holy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season . The pilgrimage retained its importance for the commercial well-being of Mecca; to this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the Meccans live by the See also:

• HAJJ

Hajj—letting rooms, acting as guides and See also:

• DIRECTORS

directors in the sacred ceremonies, as contractors and touts for See also:

• LAND

land and sea transport, as well as exploiting the many benefactions that flow to the holy city; while the surrounding Bedouins derive support from the camel-transport it demands and from the subsidies by which they are engaged to protect or abstain from molesting the See also:

• PILGRIM

pilgrim caravans . But the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient " fairs of heathenism " were given up, and the See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic of the pilgrim season, sanctioned by the See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

Prophet in Sur. ii . 194, was concentrated at See also:

• MINA, FRANCISCO ESPOZ Y (1781-1836)

Mina and Mecca, where most of the pilgrims still have some-thing to buy or sell, so that Mina, after the See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice of the feast day, presents the aspect of a huge international See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy 2 Mecca, says one of its citizens, in VVagidi (Kremer's ed., p . 196, or Muh. in Med, p. too), is a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement formed for trade with Syria in summer and See also:

• ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, and cannot continue to exist if the trade is interrupted . 3 The details are variously related . See See also:

• BIRUNI

Biruni, p . 328 (E . T., p . 324) ; Asma'i in Yaqut, iii . 705, iv . 416, 421; Azraqi, p .

129 seq . ; Bakri, p . 661 . Jebel Kabkab is a great mountain occupying the See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle between W . Naman and the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of Arafa . The See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak is due See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of Sheddad, the See also:

• HAMLET

hamlet which See also:

• BURCKHARDT, JAKOB (1818–1897)
• BURCKHARDT, JOHN LEWIS [JOHANN LUDWIG] (1784-1817)

Burckhardt (i . 115) calls Shedad . According to Azraqi, p . 8o, the last See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine visited was that of the three trees of Uzza in W . Nakhla . ' So we are told by Biruni, p . 62 (E .

T., 73) . 4 Wagidi, ed . Kremer, pp . 20, 21; Muh. in Med. p . 39 . See also:

• FAIR

fair.l In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages this trade was much more important The See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque is at the same time the university See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, where than it is now . Ibn Jubair (ed . See also:

• WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909)
• WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875)
• WRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797)
• WRIGHT, SILAS (1795-1847)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1809–1884)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810—1877)
• WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS (1836– )

Wright, p. r 18 seq.) in the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century describes the mart of Mecca in the eight days following the feast as full of gems, unguents, See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious drugs, and all rare merchandise from See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, See also:

• IRAK

Irak, See also:

• KHORASAN, or KHORASSAN (i.e. " land of the sun ")

Khorasan, and every part of the Moslem See also:

• WORLD

world . The hills See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of Mecca, which are partly built over and rise several See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred feet above the valley, so enclose the city that the ancient walls only barred the valley at three points, where three See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates led into the town . In the time of Ibn Jubair the gates still stood though the walls were ruined, but now the gates have only See also:

• LEFT

left their names to quarters of the town . At the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern or upper end was the Bab el Ma la, or See also:

• GATE

gate of the upper See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter, whence the road continues up the valley towards Mina and Arafa as well as towards Zeima and the See also:

• NEJD

Nejd . Beyond the gate, in a place called the Hajun, is the chief See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery, commonly called el Ma'la, and said to be the resting-place of many of the companions of Mahomet .

Here a See also:

• CROSS

cross-road, See also:

• RUNNING

running over the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill to join the main See also:

• MEDINA
• MEDINA, JOSE TORIBIO (1852- )

Medina road from the western gate, turns off to the west by the pass of Kada, the point from which the troops of the Prophet stormed the city (A.H . 8).2 Here too the See also:

• BODY

body of Ibn Zubair was hung on a cross by Ilajjaj . The See also:

• LOWER

lower or See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern gate, at the Masfala quarter, opened on the See also:

• YEMEN (Yaman)

Yemen road, where the See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain-See also:

• WATER

water from Mecca flows off into an open valley . Beyond, there are mountains on both sides; on that to the east, commanding the town, is the great See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, a fortress of considerable strength . The third or western gate, Bab el-Omra (formerly also Bab el-Zahir, from a See also:

• VILLAGE

village of that name), See also:

• LAY

lay almost opposite the great mosque, and opened on a road leading westwards round the southern spurs of the Red Mountain . This is the way to Wadi Fatima and Medina, the Jidda road branching off from it to the left . Considerable suburbs now See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie outside the quarter named after this gate; in the middle ages a pleasant country road led for some See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles through partly cultivated land with See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good wells, as far as the boundary of the sacred territory and gathering place of the pilgrims at Tanim, near the mosque of Ayesha . This is the spot on the Medina road now called the Omra, from a ceremonial connected with it which will be mentioned below . The length of the sinuous main See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of the city from the farthest suburbs on the Medina road to the suburbs in the extreme north, now frequented by Bedouins, is, according to Burckhardt, 3500 paces .3 About the middle of this See also:

• LINE

line the See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal thoroughfares are pushed aside by the vast See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court-yard and colonnades composing the great mosque, which, with its spacious arcades surrounding the Ka'ba and other holy places, and its seven minarets, forms the only prominent architectural feature of the city . The mosque is enclosed by houses with windows opening on the arcades and commanding a view of the Ka'ba . Immediately beyond these, on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side facing Jebel See also:

• ABU

Abu Kobais, a broad See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street runs south-east and north-west across the valley . This is the Mas'a (sacred course) between the eminences of See also:

• SALA, GEORGE AUGUSTUS HENRY (1828-1895)

Sala and Merwa, and has been from very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times one of the most lively bazaars and the centre of Meccan See also:

• LIFE

life .

The other chief bazaars are also near the mosque in smaller streets . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general aspect of the town is picturesque; the streets are fairly spacious, though See also:

• ILL

ill-kept and filthy; the houses are all of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, many of them well-built and four or five storeys high, with terraced See also:

• ROOFS

roofs and large projecting windows as in Jidda—a See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of See also:

• BUILDING

building which has not varied materially since the loth century (Mukaddasi, p . 71), and gains in effect from the way in which the dwellings run up the sides and spurs of the mountains . Of public institutions there are See also:

• BATHS

baths, ribats, or hospices, for poor pilgrims from India, See also:

• JAVA

Java, &c., a See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital and a public See also:

• KITCHEN (O.E. cycene; this and other cognate forms, such as Dutch keuken, Ger. Kiuche, Dan. kokken, Fr. cuisine, are formed from the Low Lat. cucina, Lat. coquina, coquere, to cook)

kitchen for the poor . ' The older fairs were not entirely deserted till the troubles of the last days of the Omayyads (Azraqi, p . 131) . 2 This is the cross-road traversed by Burckhardt (i . 109), and described by him as cut through the rocks with much labour . Istakhri gives the length of the city proper from north to south as 2 m., and the greatest breadth from the Jiyad quarter east of the great mosque across the valley and up the western slopes as two-thirds of the length . between two pilgrim seasons lectures are delivered on See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine and connected branches of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . A poorly provided public library is open to the use of students . The madrassehs or buildings around the mosque, originally intended as lodgings for students and professors, have long been let out to See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich pilgrims .

The See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor places of visitation for pilgrims, such as the birthplaces of the prophet and his chief followers, are not notable.' Both these and the court of the great mosque lie beneath the general level of the city, the site having been gradually raised by accumulated rubbish . The town in fact has little See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air of antiquity; genuine Arab buildings do not last long, especially in a valley periodically ravaged by tremendous floods when the tropical rains burst on the surrounding hills . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of Mecca is full of the See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of these inundations, unsuccessfully combated by the great See also:

• DAM

dam See also:

• DRAWN

drawn across the valley by the See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

caliph See also:

• OMAR (c. 581-644)

Omar (Kutbeddin, p . 76), and later See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• MANDI

Mandi.5 The fixed population of Mecca in 1878 was estimated by Assistant-Surgeon `Abd el-Razzaq at 5o,000 to 6o,000; there is a large floating population—and that not merely at the proper season of pilgrimage, the pilgrims of one season often beginning to arrive before those of the former season have all dispersed . At the height of the season the town is much overcrowded, and the entire want of a drainage system is severely See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt . Fortunately good water is tolerably plentiful; for, though the wells are mostly undrinkable, and even the famous Zamzam water only available for medicinal or religious purposes, the underground conduit from beyond Arafa, completed by See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

Sultan See also:

• SELIM

Selim II. in 1571, supplies to the public fountains a sweet and See also:

• LIGHT

light water, containing, according to `Abd el-Razzaq, a large amount of chlorides . The water is said to be See also:

• FREE

free to townsmen, but is sold to the pilgrims at a rather high See also:

• RATE

rate.6 See also:

• MEDIEVAL

Medieval writers celebrate the copious supplies, especially of See also:

• FINE

fine fruits, brought to the city from Taff and other fertile parts of Arabia . These fruits are still famous; See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice and other See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign products are brought by sea to Jidda; mutton, See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk and See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter are plentifully supplied from the desert' The See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries all centre in the pilgrimage; the chief See also:

• OBJECT

object of every Meccan—from the notables and sheikhs, who use their See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence to gain See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom for the Jidda speculators in the pilgrim traffic, down to the cicerones, pilgrim brokers, lodging-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house keepers, and mendicants at the holy places—being to pillage the visitor in every possible way . The fanaticism of the Meccan is an affair of the See also:

• PURSE (Late Lat. bursa, adapted from Gr. Gupta, hide, skin; possibly O. Eng. pusa, bag, has influenced the change from b to p)

purse; the See also:

• MONGREL (earliest form mengrel, probably from the root meng-, or mong-, to mix, cf. mingle, among)

mongrel population (for the town is by no means purely Arab) has exchanged the virtues of the Bedouin for the worst corruptions of Eastern town life, without casting off the ferocity of the desert, and it is hardly possible to find a worse certificate of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character than the three parallel gashes on each cheek, called Tashrit, which are the customary See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark of See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth in the holy city . The unspeakable vices of Mecca are a See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal to all Islam, and a See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant source of wonder to pious pilgrims.8 The slave trade has connexions with the pilgrimage which are not thoroughly clear; but under See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover of the pilgrimage a great See also:

• DEAL

deal of importation and exportation of slaves goes on . Since the fall of Ibn Zubair the political position of Mecca ' For details as to the ancient quarters of Mecca, where the several families or septs lived apart, see Azraqi, 455 pp. seq., and compare Ya'qubi, ed . Juynboll, p. too .

The minor sacred places are described at length by Azraqi and Ibn Jubair . They are either connected with genuine memories of the Prophet and his times, or have See also:

• SPURIOUS

spurious legends to conceal the fact that they were originally holy stones, wells, or the like, of heathen sanctity . See also:

• BALADHURI (ABU-L-'ABBAS AHMAD IBN YAHYA IBN JABIR AL-BALADHURi)

Baladhuri, in his See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter on the floods of Mecca (pp . 53 seq.), says that `Omar built two dams . 6 The See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct is the successor of an older one associated with the names of Zobaida, wife of See also:

• HARUN

Harun al-Rashid, and other benefactors . But the old aqueduct was frequently out of repair, and seems to have played but a secondary part in the medieval water See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply . Even the new aqueduct gave no adequate supply in Burckhardt's time . 7 In Ibn Jubair's time large supplies were brought from the Yemen mountains . 8 The corruption of See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners in Mecca is no new thing . See the See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of the caliph Mandi on the subject; Wiistenfeld, Orson . Mek., iv . 168 .

has always been dependent on the movements of the greater Mahommedan world . In the splendid times of the caliphs immense sums were lavished upon the pilgrimage and the holy city; and conversely the decay of the central authority of Islam brought with it a long See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction, See also:

• WARS

wars and misery, in which the most notable See also:

• EPISODE

episode was the See also:

• SACK

sack of Mecca by the See also:

• CARMATHIANS (QARMATHIANS, KARMATHIANS)

Carmathians at the pilgrimage season of A.D . 930 . The victors carried off the " See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black stone," which was not restored for twenty-two years, and then only for a great See also:

• RANSOM (from Lat. redemptio, through Fr. rancon)

ransom, when it was plain that even the loss of its See also:

• PALLADIUM (Gr. sraXXit&ov)
• PALLADIUM [symbol Pd, atomic weight Io6.7 (O=16)]

palladium could not destroy the sacred character of the city . Under the See also:

• FATIMITES
• FATIMITES, or FATIMIDES

Fatimites See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian influence began to be strong in Mecca; it was opposed by the sultans of Yemen, while native princes claiming descent from the Prophet —the Hashimite amirs of Mecca, and after them the amirs of the house of Qatada (since 1202)—attained to great authority and aimed at See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence; but soon after the final fall of the See also:

• ABBASIDS

Abbasids the Egyptian overlordship was definitely established by sultan Bibars (A.D . 1269) . The See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt transferred the supremacy to the See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman sultans (1517), who treated Mecca with much favour, and during the 16th century executed great works in the sanctuary and See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple . The Ottoman See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, however, became gradually almost nominal, and that of the amirs or sherifs increased in proportion, culminating under Ghalib, whose See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession See also:

• DATES

dates from 1786 . Then followed the wars of the See also:

• WAHHABIS

Wahhabis (see ARABIA and WAHHABIS) and the restoration of Turkish See also:

• RULE

rule by the troops of Mehemet `See also:

• ALI

Ali . By him the dignity of sherif was deprived of much of its See also:

• WEIGHT

weight, and in 1827 a change of See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty was effected by the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of Ibn 'Aun . Afterwards Turkish authority again decayed . Mecca is, however, officially the capital of a Turkish See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, and has a See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-general and a Turkish See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison, while Mahommedan law is administered by a See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge sent from See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople .

But the real See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign of Mecca and the Hejaz is the sherif, who, as See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a princely See also:

• FAMILY

family claiming descent from the Prophet, holds a sort of feudal position . The dignity of sherif (or See also:

• GRAND

grand sherif, as Europeans usually say for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of distinction, since all the See also:

• KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

kin of the princely houses reckoning descent from the Prophet are also named sherifs), although by no means a religious pontificate, is highly respected owing to its traditional descent in the line of See also:

• HASAN

Hasan, son of the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth caliph `Ali . From a political point of view the sherif is the See also:

• MODERN

modern counterpart of the ancient amirs of Mecca, who were named in the public prayers immediately after the reigning caliph . When the great Mahommedan sultanates had become too much occupied in internecine wars to maintain See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order in the distant Hejaz, those branches of the Hassanids which from the beginning of Islam had retained rural See also:

• PROPERTY

property in Arabia usurped power in the holy cities and the adjacent Bedouin territories . About A.D . 96o they established a sort of See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom with Mecca as capital . The influence of the princes of Mecca has varied from time to time, according to the strength of the foreign See also:

• PROTECTORATE

protectorate in the Hejaz or in consequence of feuds among the branches of the house; until about 1882 it was for most purposes much greater than that of the See also:

• TURKS

Turks . The latter were strong_ enough to hold the garrisoned towns, and thus the sultan was able within certain limits—playing off one against the other the two See also:

• RIVAL

rival branches of the aristocracy, viz. the kin of Ghalib and the house of Ibn`Aun—to assert the right of designating or removing the sherif, to whom in turn he owed the possibility of maintaining, with the aid of considerable See also:

• PENSIONS

pensions, the semblance of his much-prized lordship over the holy cities . The grand sherif can See also:

• MUSTER (Mid. Eng. mostre, moustre, adapted from the similar O. Fr. forms; Lat. monstrare)

muster a considerable force of freedmen and clients, and his kin, holding wells and lands in various places through the Hejaz, See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as his deputies and administer the old Arabic customary law to the Bedouin . To this influence the Hejaz owes what little of law and order it enjoys . During the last quarter of the 19th century Turkish influence became preponderant in western Arabia, and the railway from Syria to the Hejaz tended to consolidate the sultan's supremacy . After the sherifs, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal family of Mecca is the house of Shaibah, which holds the hereditary custodianship of the Ka'ba .

The Great Mosque and the Ka'ba.—Long before Mahomet the chief sanctuary of Mecca was the Ka'ba, a See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude stone building without windows, and having a See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door 7 ft. from the ground; and so named from its resemblance to a monstrous astragalus (See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die) of about 40 ft. See also:

• CUBE (Gr. K46os, a cube)

cube, though the shapeless structure is not really an exact cube nor even exactly rectangular.' The Ka'ba has been rebuilt more than once since Mahomet purged it of idols and adopted it as the chief sanctuary of Islam, but the old See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form has been preserved, except in secondary details;' so that the " Ancient House," as it is titled, is still essentially a heathen temple, adapted to the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of Islam by the clumsy fiction that it was built by See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham and See also:

• ISHMAEL (a Hebrew name meaning " God hears ")

Ishmael by divine See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation as a temple of pure monotheism, and that it was only temporarily perverted to idol worship from the time when `Amr ibn Lohai introduced the statue of Hobal from Syria3 till the victory of Islam . This fiction has involved the superinduction of a new See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology over the old heathen ritual, which remains practically unchanged . Thus the chief object of veneration is the black stone, which is fixed in the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external angle facing Sala, . The building is not exactly oriented, but it may be called the south-east corner . Its technical name is the black corner, the others being named the Yemen (south-west), Syrian (north-west), and Irak (north-east) corners, from the lands to which they approximately point . The black stone is a small dark mass a span long, with an aspect suggesting volcanic or meteoric origin, fixed at such a height that it can be conveniently kissed by a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of middle See also:

• SIZE

size . It was broken by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in, the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of A.D . 683 (not, as many authors relate, by the Carmathians), and the pieces are kept together by a See also:

• SILVER

silver setting . The history of this heavenly stone, given by See also:

• GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

Gabriel to Abraham, does not conceal the fact that it was originally a fetish, the most venerated of a multitude of idols and sacred stones which stood all round the sanctuary in the time of Mahomet . The Prophet destroyed the idols, but he left the characteristic form of worship—the tawaf, or sevenfold See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit of the sanctuary, the worshipper kissing or touching the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of his veneration—and besides the black stone he recognized the so-called " southern " stone, the same presumably as that which is still touched in the tawaf at the Yemen corner (f'Iuh. in Med. pp . 336, 425)• The ceremony of the tawaf and the worship of stone fetishes was See also:

• COMMON

common to Mecca with other ancient Arabian sanctuaries.' It was, as it still is, a frequent religious exercise of the Meccans, and the first See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of one who returned to the city or arrived there under a, See also:

• VOW (Lat. votum, vow, promise: cf. VOTE)

vow of pilgrimage; and thus the outside of the Ka'ba was and is more important than the inside . Islam did away with the worship of idols; what was lost in interest by their suppression ' The exact measurements (which, however, vary according to different authorities) are stated to be: sides 37 ft .

2 in. and 38 ft . 4 in.; ends 31 ft . 7 in. and 29 ft.; height 35 ft . 2 The Ka'ba of Mahomet's time was the successor of an older building, said to have been destroyed by fire . It was constructed in the still usual rude style of Arabic See also:

• MASONRY

masonry, with See also:

• STRING

string courses of See also:

• TIMBER

timber between the stones (like See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon's Temple) . The roof rested on six pillars; the door was raised above the ground and approached by a See also:

• STAIR (0. Eng. stagger, step, from stigan, to climb, cf. Ger. steigen; the root is also seen in " stile " and " stirrup ")
• STAIR, JAMES DALRYMPLE

stair (probably on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the floods which often swept the valley) ; and worshippers left their shoes under the stair before entering . During the first siege of Mecca (A.D . 683), the building was burned down, the Ibn Zubair reconstructed it on an enlarged See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale and in better style of solid See also:

• ASHLAR

ashlar-See also:

• WORK

work . After his death his most glaring innovations (the introduction of two doors on a level with the ground, and the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the building lengthwise to include the Ilijr) were corrected by Ilajjaj, under orders from the caliph, but the building retained its more solid structure . The roof now rested on three pillars, and the height was raised one-See also:

• HALF

half . The Ka'ba was again entirely rebuilt after the See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood of A.D . 1626, but since Hajjaj there seem to have been no structural changes .

8 Hobal was set up within the Temple over the See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit that contained the sacred treasures . His chief See also:

• FUNCTION

function was connected with the sacred See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot to which the Meccans were accustomed to betake them-selves in all matters of difficulty . ' See Ibn Hisham i . 54, Azralci p . 8o ('Uzza in Batn Marr) ; YalOut iii . 705 (Otheyda) ; See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

Bar Hebraeus on See also:

• PSALM (from the Gr. word * hXAew, to play the harp)

Psalm xii . 9 . Stones worshipped by circling round them See also:

• BORE

bore the name dawar or duwar (Krehl, Rel. d . Araber, p . 69) . The later Arabs not unnaturally viewed such cultus as imitated from that of Mecca (Yaqut iv . 622, cf .

See also:

• DOZY, REINHART PIETER ANNE (182o-1883)

Dozy, Israeliten to Mekka, p . 125, who draws very perverse inferences) . has been supplied by the invention of spots consecrated by recollections of Abraham, Ishmael and Hagar, or held to be acceptable places of See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer . Thus the space of ten spans between the black stone and the door, which is on the east side, between the black and Irak corners, and a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's height from the ground, is called the Multazam, and here prayer should be offered after the tawaf with outstretched arms and See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast pressed against the house . On the other side of the door, against the same wall, is a shallow trough, which is said to mark the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original site of the stone on which Abraham stood to build the Ka'ba . Here the growth of the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend can be traced, for the place is now called the " kneading-place " (Ma'See also:

• JAN

jan), where the See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement for the Ka'ba was prepared . This name and See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story do not appear in the older accounts . Once more, on the north side of the Ka'ba, there projects a low semicircular wall of See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, with an opening at each end between it and the walls of the house . The space within is paved with See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic, and is called the Hijr . It is included in the tawaf, and two slabs of verde antico within it are called the See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves of Ishmael and Hagar, and are places of acceptable prayer . Even the See also:

• GOLDEN

golden or gilded mizab (water-spout) that projects into the $ijr marks a place where prayer is heard, and another such place is the part of the west wall See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the Yemen corner . The feeling of religious conservatism which has preserved the structural rudeness of the Ka'ba did not prohibit costly See also:

• SURFACE

surface decoration .

In Mahomet's time the See also:

• OUTER

outer walls were covered by a See also:

• VEIL (O.Fr. veile, mod. voile, from Lat. velum, cloth, awning, sail)

veil (or kiswa) of striped Yemen See also:

• CLOTH

cloth . The caliphs substituted a covering of figured See also:

• BROCADE

brocade, and the Egyptian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government still sends with each pilgrim caravan from See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo a new kis