MEERSCHAUM  , a See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German word designating a soft See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• MINERAL

mineral sometimes found floating on the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, and rathei suggestive of sea-foam (Meerschaum), whence also the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French name for the same substance, ecume de mer . It was termed by E . F . Glocker sepiolite, in allusion to its remote resemblance to the " See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone ". of the See also:

• SEPIA (Gr. a iria, cuttlefish)

sepia or cuttle-See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish . Meerschaum ie an opaque mineral of white, See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey or cream See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, breaking with a conchoidal or See also:

• FINE

fine earthy fracture, and occasionally though rarely, fibrous in texture . It can be readily scratched with the See also:

• NAIL (O. Eng. naegal, cf. Dutch, Ger., Swed. nagel; the word is also related to Lat. unguis, Gr. ovu, Sans. nakhas)

nail, its hardness being about 2 . The specific gravity varies from 0.988 to 1.279, but the porosity of the mineral may See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error . Meerschaum is a hydrous See also:

• MAGNESIUM [symbol Mg, atomic weight 24.32 (0 = 16)]

magnesium silicate with the See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula H4Mg2Si3O10, or Mg2Si308.2H20 . Most of the meerschaum of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce is obtained from See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, chiefly from the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of Eski-Shehr, on the Haidar See also:

• PASHA

Pasha-See also:

• ANGORA, or ENGURI

Angora railway, where it occurs in irregular nodular masses, in alluvial deposits, which are extensively worked for its extraction . It is said that in this See also:

• DISTRICT

district there are 4000 shafts leading to See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal galleries for extraction of the meerschaum . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal workings are at Sepetdji-Odjaghi and Kemikdji-Odjaghi, about 20 M . S.E. of Eski-Shehr .

The mineral is associated with See also:

• MAGNESITE

magnesite (magnesium carbonate), the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive source of both minerals being a See also:

• SERPENTINE

serpentine . When first extracted the meerschaum is soft, but it hardens on exposure to See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat or when dried in a warm See also:

• ROOM

room . Meerschaum is found also, though less abundantly, in See also:

• GREECE

Greece, as at See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes, and in the islands of See also:

• EUBOEA (pronounced Evvia in the modern language)

Euboea and See also:

• SAMOS

Samos; it occurs also in serpentine at Hrubschitz near Kromau in See also:

• MORAVIA (Ger., Ma/wen; Czech, Morava)

Moravia . It is found to a limited extent at certain localities in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, and is known in See also:

• MOROCCO

Morocco . In the See also:

• UNITED

United States it occurs in serpentine in See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania (as at See also:

• NOTTINGHAM
• NOTTINGHAM, CHARLES HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF1 (1536-1624)
• NOTTINGHAM, EARLS OF

Nottingham, See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county) and in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Carolina and See also:

• UTAH

Utah . Meerschaum has occasionally been used as a substitute for See also:

• SOAP

soap and See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

fuller's See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, and it is said also as a See also:

• BUILDING

building material; but its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief use is for See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco-pipes and See also:

• CIGAR

cigar-holders . The natural nodules - are first scraped to remove the red earthy See also:

• MATRIX

matrix, then dried, again scraped and polished with See also:

• WAX

wax . The rudely shaped masses thus prepared are sent from the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East to See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna and other manufacturing centres, where they are turned and carved, smoothed with See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass-See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper and Dutch rushes, heated in wax or stearine, and finally polished with bone-ash, &c . Imitations are made in See also:

• PLASTER

plaster of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris and other preparations . The soft, white, earthy mineral from Ungbanshyttan, in Vermland, See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, known as See also:

• APHRODITE

aphrodite (d¢,See also:

• PBS

pbs, foam), is closely related to meerschaum . It may be noted that meerschaum has sometimes been called magnesite (q.v.) .