MEGARA  , an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• TOWN

town on the road from See also:

• ATTICA

Attica to See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth . The See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country which belonged to the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city was called Meyaptr or MeyapuKo; it occupied the broader See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus between Attica, See also:

• BOEOTIA

Boeotia, Corinth, and the two gulfs, and its whole See also:

• AREA

area is estimated by See also:

• CLINTON
• CLINTON, DE WITT (1769-1828)
• CLINTON, GEORGE (1739-1812)
• CLINTON, HENRY FYNES (1781-1852)
• CLINTON, SIR HENRY (c. 1738-1795)

Clinton at 143 sq. m . The range of See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Geraneia extends across the country from See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east to See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, forming a barrier between See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental See also:

• GREECE

Greece and the See also:

• PELOPONNESUS (" Island of Pelops ")

Peloponnesus . The shortest road across this range passes along the eastern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the mountains, and the most difficult part is the celebrated Scironian rocks, the mythic See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of the robber Sciron . The only See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain in the rugged little country was the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Plain, in which was situated the only important town, Megara . The See also:

• MODERN

modern town of Megara is situated on two See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low hills which formed part of the ancient site; it is the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief town of the eparchy of Megaris; pop. about 6400 . It contains few remains of antiquity, except of the See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct and See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin, said to have been made by the architect See also:

• EUPALINUS

Eupalinus for the See also:

• TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

tyrant Theagenes . (E . GR.) From the somewhat conflicting See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology it may be gathered that in prehistoric days Megara had maritime intercourse with the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• AEGEAN

Aegean . The See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early inhabitants, whose See also:

• RACE

race is unknown, were extirpated or absorbed in the Dorian See also:

• MIGRATION

migration, for in historic times the city had a homogeneous Dorian See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population . Favoured by its proximity to two See also:

• GREAT

great waterways and by its two ports, Nisaea on the Saronic and Pegae on the Corinthian Gulf, Megara took a prominent part in the commercial expansion of Greece from the 8th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century onwards, and for two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years enjoyed prosperity out of proportion to the slight resources of its narrow territory . Its See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade was mainly directed towards See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, where Megarian colonies were established at See also:

• HYBLA

Hybla (Megara Hyblaea) and See also:

• SELINUS (EeXsvoiis)

Selinus, and towards the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, in which region the Megarians were probably As we have seen, it was mentioned in 1726 by Valentyn, and a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young example. was in 183o described and figured by Quoy and Gaimard (Voy. de l'Asirolabe : Oiseaux, p .

239, pl . 25) as the Megapodius rubripes of Temminck, a wholly different See also:

• BIRD

bird.pioneers of Greek See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce . In the Sea of See also:

• MARMORA (anc. Proconnesus)
• MARMORA, SEA OF (anc. Propontis; Turk. Mermer Denisi)

Marmora they had to See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face the competition of the Samians, with whom they waged a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war concerning the town of See also:

• PERINTHUS (Turk. Eski Eregli, old Heraclea)

Perinthus, and of See also:

• MILETUS (mod. Palatia)

Miletus; but on the See also:

• BOSPORUS, or BOSPHORUS (Gr. Boo-iopos=ox-ford, tradition-ally connected with Io, daughter of Inachus, who, in the form of a heifer, crossed the Thracian Bosporus on her wanderings)

Bosporus they established themselves by means of settlements at See also:

• CHALCEDON
• CHALCEDON, COUNCIL OF

Chalcedon and, above all, See also:

• BYZANTIUM

Byzantium (founded, according to tradition, 675 and 658 respectively) . In the Black Sea they exploited the shores of See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus and See also:

• SCYTHIA (Gr. EKuOia)

Scythia, whose products they exchanged for textiles spun from the See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool of their own country . Their chief colonies in this sea were Astacus and See also:

• HERACLEA

Heraclea in See also:

• BITHYNIA (BtOvpta)

Bithynia, and another Heraclea in the See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea . In the later 7th century this current of trade dwindled in face of the great commercial and colonizing activity of Miletus; it probably received further injury through the subsequent interference of See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens on the See also:

• HELLESPONT (i.e. " Sea of Helle "; variously named in classical literature `EXX oirov-ros, o "EXXns a6vros, Hellespontum Pelagus, and Rectum Hellesponticum)

Hellespont . Simultaneously Megarian commerce in Sicily began to be supplanted by Corinth and Corcyra . Megara's economic development entailed a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, and consequently of See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, which is commented upon in the elegies of Theognis (q.v.) . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• LAND

land-holding See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy, which had probably initiated and for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time monopolized commerce, was partly supplanted by prosperous upstarts, and with the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general increase of prosperity began to lose its hold upon the community of artisans . In the ensuing party struggles the city passed under a tyrant, Theagenes (about 64o), whose See also:

• RULE

rule was too brief to produce great changes . The power of the nobles would seem to have been more effectively broken in a war with Athens, in which Megara ultimately lost the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• SALAMIS

Salamis (about 570, see See also:

• SOLON (7th and 6th century n.c.)

SOLON), for shortly afterwards the constitution was changed to a See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy, and eventually was fixed as an See also:

• OLIGARCHY (Gr. oXiyot, few, apxil, rule)

oligarchy of a moderate type . During the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• WARS

wars the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, which had recently joined the Peloponnesian See also:

• LEAGUE

League, could still See also:

• MUSTER (Mid. Eng. mostre, moustre, adapted from the similar O. Fr. forms; Lat. monstrare)

muster 3000 hoplites .

But the subsequent expansion of Athens ruined the commerce of Megara, and the town itself was threatened with absorption by some powerful See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour . In 459 an attack by Corinth, which had always coveted Megara's territory, induced the See also:

• PEOPLE

people to summon the aid of the Athenians, who secured Megara in See also:

• BATTLE

battle' and by the construction of See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long walls between the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital and its See also:

• PORT

port Nisaea . In 445 a revulsion of feeling led the Megarians to See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre their Athenian See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison . The Athenians retaliated by placing an See also:

• EMBARGO (a Spanish word meaning " stoppage ")

embargo upon Megarian trade throughout their See also:

• EMPIRE

empire (432), and in the Peloponnesian War, which the Megarians had consequently striven to hasten on, reduced their neighbours to misery by See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

blockade and devastations, In 424 they nearly captured Megara; in See also:

• COLLUSION (from Lat. colludere, strictly, to play with)

collusion with a democratic party within the town, and succeeded in securing Nisaea, which they held till 410 . In the 4th century Megara re-covered some measure of prosperity, but played an insignificant part in politics, its only notable move being the participation in the final conflict against See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II. of Macedon (338) . During the Macedonian supremacy the town passed in turn from See also:

• CASSANDER (c. 350—297 B.C.)
• CASSANDER (or CASSANT), GEORGE (1513-1566)

Cassander and See also:

• DEMETRIUS

Demetrius Poliorcetes to Antigonus Gonatas, and finally was incorporated in the Achaean League . Megara suffered severely during the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil War of 48 B.C., but seems at some later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period to have received new settlers . It maintained itself as a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of some See also:

• SIZE

size in subsequent centuries, but was depopulated by the Venetians in A.D . 1500 . The inhabitants of the modern See also:

• VILLAGE

village are mostly of Albanian origin . In literature Megara figures as the reputed home of the comedian See also:

• SUSARION

Susarion, and in the 4th century gave its name to a school of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy founded by See also:

• EUCLID
• EUCLID [EucLEIDES]

Euclid . See See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo ix .

391—395; Theognis; See also:

• THUCYDIDES (OovavMns)

Thucydides i -iv . ; See also:

• ARISTOPHANES
• ARISTOPHANES (c. 448–385 B.e.1)

Aristophanes, Acharnians, 729—835; F . Cauer, Parteien and Politiker in Megara and Athen (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1890), pp . 1-44; B . V . See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

Head, Historia numorum (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1887), pp . 329-330; R . See also:

• DELBRUCK, HANS (1848— )
• DELBRUCK, MARTIN FRIEDRICH RUDOLF VON

Delbruck and K . G: Vollmoller, Das Brunnenhaus See also:

• DES

des Theagenes," in Mitteil. d. See also:

• DEUTSCH, IMMANUEL OSCAR MENAHEM (1829-1873)

deutsch . Inst . Athen . See also:

• XXV

XXV .

(1900) . (M . O . B .