See also:

• LUIGI

LUIGI FEDERICO See also:

• LUIGI FEDERICO MENABREA

MENABREA  , See also:

• MARQUIS

Marquis of Valdora (1809 1896), See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general and statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• CHAMBERY

Chambery on the 4th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1809 . He was educated at the university of See also:

• TURIN

Turin, where he qualified as an engineer and became a See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor of See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics . As an officer of See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers he replaced See also:

• CAVOUR (anc. Caburrum or Forum Vibii)
• CAVOUR, CAMILLO BENSO, COUNT (1810–18.61)

Cavour in 1831 at the fortress of Bardo . He then became See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• MECHANICS

mechanics and construction at the military See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy and at the university of Turin . See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert sent him in 1848 on See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions to secure the See also:

• ADHESION (from Lat. adhaerere, to adhere)

adhesion of See also:

• MODENA (ancient Mutina)

Modena and See also:

• PARMA

Parma to See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia . He entered the Piedmontese See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, and was attached successively to the Ministries of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War and See also:

• FOREIGN

Foreign Affairs . He belonged to the right centre, and until the events of 1859 he believed in the possibility of a See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise between the Vatican and the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . He was See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major-general and commanderin-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the engineers in the Lombard See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1859 . He superintended the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege See also:

• WORKS

works against Peschiera, was See also:

• PRESENT

present at Palestro and See also:

• SOLFERINO

Solferino, and repaired the fortifications of some of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern fortresses . In 186o he became See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-general and conducted the siege of See also:

• GAETA (anc. Caietae Portus)

Gaeta . He was appointed senator and received the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count . Entering the See also:

• RICASOLI, BETTINO, BARON (1809-1880)

Ricasoli See also:

• CABINET

cabinet of 1861 as See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of marine, he held the See also:

• PORTFOLIO (shortened form of Porto folio, adapted from the Ital. portafogli, portare, to carry, and fogli, sheets or leaves of paper, Lat. folium, leaf)

portfolio of public works until 1864 in the succeeding See also:

• FARINI, LUIGI CARLO (1812–1866)

Farini and See also:

• MINGHETTI, MARCO (1818-1886)

Minghetti cabinets .

After the war of 1866 he was chosen as Italian plenipotentiary for the negotiation of the treaty of See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague and for the See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer of See also:

• VENETIA

Venetia to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . In See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1867 he succeeded Rattazzi in the premiership, and was called upon to See also:

• DEAL

deal with the difficult situation created by See also:

• GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE (1807-1882)

Garibaldi's invasion of the Papal States and by the See also:

• CATASTROPHE (Gr. Karaurpoch, from KaraQrp4ecv, to over-turn)

catastrophe of Mentana . See also:

• MENABREA, LUIGI FEDERICO

Menabrea disavowed Garibaldi and instituted judicial proceedings against him; but in negotiations with the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government he See also:

• PRO

pro-tested against the retention of the temporal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power by the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope and insisted on the Italian right of interference in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . He was in the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret of the See also:

• DIRECT

direct negotiations between See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor Emanuel and See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon III. in See also:

• JUNE

June 1869, and refused to entertain the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of a French See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance unless Italy were allowed to occupy the Papal States, and, on occasion, Rome itself . On the See also:

• EVE

eve of the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of the See also:

• OECUMENICAL (through the Lat. from Gr. oiKOVµevI.KOS, universal, belonging to the whole inhabited world, i] oiKovµtvf sc. y;7, aides, to dwell)

Oecumenical See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council at Rome Menabrea reserved to the Italian government its right in respect of any See also:

• MEASURES

measures directed against Italian institutions . He with-See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew from See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary students in 1869 the exemption from military service which they had hitherto enjoyed . Throughout his See also:

• TERM

term of See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office he was supported by the See also:

• FINANCE

finance minister Count Cambray Digny, who forced through parliament the grist tax proposed by Quintino See also:

• SELLA, QUINTINO (1827-1884)

Sella, though in an altered See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form from the earlier proposal . After a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of changes in the cabinet, and many crises, Menabrea resigned in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1869 on the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of a new chamber in which he did not command a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority . He was made marquis of Valdora in 1875 . His successor in the premiership, Giovanni See also:

• LANZA, DOMENICO GIOVANNI GIUSEPPE MARIA (1810–1882)

Lanza, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to remove him from his influential position as aide-de-See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp to the king, sent him to See also:

• LONDON

London as See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador, where he remained until in 1882 he replaced General Cialdini at the See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris See also:

• EMBASSY

Embassy . Ten years later he withdrew from public See also:

• LIFE

life, and died at See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Capin on the 24th of May 1896 .