See also:

• MENANDER
• MENANDER (342–291 B.C.)
• MENANDER (MILINDA)

MENANDER (MILINDA)  , a Graeco-See also:

• INDIAN

Indian dynast . When the Graeco-Indian See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• DEMETRIUS

Demetrius had been beaten by See also:

• EUCRATIDES

Eucratides of See also:

• BACTRIA (Bactriana)

Bactria, about 16o B.C., and the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Eucratides (q.v.) dissolved after his assassination (c . 150 B.C.), a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty maintained itself in the See also:

• KABUL

Kabul Valley and the See also:

• PUNJAB

Punjab . The only two See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of this dynasty mentioned by classical authors are Apollodotus and See also:

• MENANDER
• MENANDER (342–291 B.C.)
• MENANDER (MILINDA)

Menander, who conquered a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . See also:

• TROGUS, GNAEUS POMPEIUS

Trogus Pompeius described in his See also:

• FORTY

forty-first See also:

• BOOK

book (see the See also:

• PROLOGUE (from Gr. 7rpo, before, and Myer, a word)

prologue) " the Indian See also:

• HISTORY

history of these kings, Apollodotus and Menander," and See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo, xi . 516, mentions from Apollodotus of Artemita, the historian of the Parthians, that Menander " conquered more tribes than See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander, as he crossed the Hypanis to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and advanced to the Isamus; he and other kings (especially Demetrius) occupied also Patalene (the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Patala near See also:

• HYDERABAD, HAIDARABAD
• HYDERABAD, or HAIDARABAD

Hyderabad on the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta of the See also:

• INDUS

Indus) and the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast which is called the district of Saraostes (i.e . Syrastene, in mod . See also:

• GUJARAT

Gujarat, See also:

• BRAHMAN

Brahman Saurashtra) and the kingdom of Sigerdis (not otherwise known); and they extended their dominion to the Seres (i.e. the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese) and Phryni (?)." The last statement is an exaggeration, probably based upon the fact that from the mouth of the Indus See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade went as far as See also:

• CHINA

China . That the old coins of Apollodotus and Menander, with Greek legends, were still in currency in Barygaza (mod . See also:

• BROACH (Fr. broche, a pointed instrument, Med. Lat. brocca, cf. the Latin adjective brochus or broccus, projecting, used of teeth)
• BROACH, or BHARUCH

Broach), the great See also:

• PORT

port of Gujarat, about A.D . 70 we are told by the Periplus marls Erythraei, 48 . We possess many of these coins, which follow the Indian See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard and are artistically degenerate as compared with the earlier Graeco-Bactrian and Graeco-Indian coins, with bilingual legends (Greek and Kharoshti, see BACTRIA) .

Apollodotus, who must have been the earlier of the two kings, bears the titles Soler, Philopator, and " Great King "; Menander, who must have reigned a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, as his portrait is See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young on some coins and old on others, calls himself See also:

• SOTER

Soter and " Just " (SiKauor) . Their reigns may be placed about 14o-8o B.C . Menander appears in Indian traditions as Milinda; he is praised by the Buddhists, whose See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion he is said to have adopted, and who in the Milindapanha or Milinda Panho (see below), " the questions of Milinda " (Rhys Davids, Sacred Books of the East, See also:

• XXXV

xxxv., See also:

• XXXVI

xxxvi.) relate his discourses with the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise Nagasena . According to the See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians, the Greeks conquered Ayodhya and Pataliputra (Palimbothra, mod . See also:

• PATNA

Patna); so the conjecture of See also:

• CUNNINGHAM, ALEXANDER (c.1655-173o)
• CUNNINGHAM, ALLAN (1784-1842)
• CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM (1805-1861)

Cunningham that the See also:

• RIVER

river Isamus of Strabo is the Son, the great See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern tributary of the See also:

• GANGES (GANGA)

Ganges (near Patna), may be true . The Buddhists praise the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and military, force, the See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy and See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom of "Milinda "; and a Greek tradition preserved by See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch (Praec. reip. ger . 28, 6) relates that " when Menander, one of the Bactrian kings, died on a See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign after a mild See also:

• RULE

rule, all the subject towns disputed about the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of his See also:

• BURIAL

burial, till at last his ashes were divided between them in equal parts." (The Buddhist tradition relates a similar See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of See also:

• BUDDHA

Buddha.) Besides Apollodotus and Menander, we know from the coins a great many other Greek kings of western India, among whom two with the name of Straton are most conspicuous . The last of them, with degenerate coins, seems to have been Hermaeus Soter . These Greek dynasts may have maintained themselves. in some part of India till about 40 B.C . But at this time the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, Kabul and the Punjab were already in the hands of a barbarous dynasty,, most of whom have Iranian (See also:

• PARTHIAN

Parthian) names, and who seem therefore to have been of Arsacid origin (cf . See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent A . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, " The Indo-Parthian Dynasties from about 12o B.C. to A.D .

100," in Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenldndischen Gesellschaft, 1906, lx . 69 sqq.) . Among them See also:

• MANES

Manes, two kings named Azes, See also:

• VONONES (on coins ONONES)

Vonones and especially See also:

• GONDOPHARES

Gondophares or Hyndophares are the most conspicuous . The latter, whose date is fixed by an inscription from the Kabul Valley dated from the See also:

• YEAR

year 103 of the Samvat era ( = A.D . 46), is famous by the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of St See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas, where he occurs as king of India under the name of Gundaphar . Soon afterwards the Mongolian Scyths (called See also:

• SAKA, or SHAKA

Saka by the Indians), who had conquered Bactria in 139 B.C., invaded India and founded the great Indo-Scythian kingdom of the Kushan dynasty . (See BACTRIA; and See also:

• PERSIA

PERSIA: See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient History.) (ED . M.) The Milinda Panho is preserved in See also:

• PALI

Pali, in See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon, See also:

• BURMA

Burma and See also:

• SIAM (known to its inhabitants as Muang Thai)

Siam, but was probably composed originally in the extreme See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-west of India, and in a See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect spoken in that region . Neither date nor author is known; but the approximate date must have been about the 2nd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century of our era . The See also:

• WORK

work is entitled Milinda Panho—that is, The Questions of King Milinda . In it the king is represented as propounding to a Buddhist Bhikshu named Nagasena a number of problems, puzzles or questions in religion and See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy; and as receiving, in 'ach See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, a convincing reply . It is a See also:

• MATTER

matter of very little importance whether a tradition of some such conversations having really taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place had survived to the time when the author wrote his book .

In any case he composed both problems and answers; and his work is an See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• ROMANCE

romance, written to discuss certain points in the faith, and to invest t$%e discussion with the See also:

• INTEREST

interest arising from the story in which it is set . This See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan is carried out with great skill . " An introduction, giving the past and See also:

• PRESENT

present lives of Milinda and Nagasena, is admirably adapted to fill the reader with the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the great ability and distinction of the two disputants . The questions chosen are just those which would See also:

• APPEAL

appeal most strongly to the intellectual See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste of the India of that See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . And the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of the book is very attractive . Each particular point ie kept within easy limits of space, and is treated in a popular way . But the earnestness of the author is not concealed ; and he occasionally rises into a very real eloquence . The work is several times quoted as authority by See also:

• BUDDHAGHOSA, A

Buddhaghosa, who wrote about A.D . 450, and it is the only work, not in the See also:

• CANON

canon, which receives this honour . The Milinda has been edited in Pali by V . Trenckner, and translated into See also:

• ENGLISH

English by the present writer, with introductions in which the historical and See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical points made in this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article are discussed in detail . There is space here to mention only one further fact .

M . Sylvain See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

Levy, working in collaboration with M . Specht, has shown that there are two, if not three, Chinese See also:

• WORKS

works, written between the 5th and 7th centuries, on the Questions of Milinda . They purport to be See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of Indian works . They are not, however, translations of the Pali See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text . They give, with alterations and additions, the substance of the earlier part of the Pali work; and are probably derived from a recension that may be older than the Pali .