MENELEK II  . (SAHALA MARIEM), See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of See also:

• ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia, officially See also:

• NEGUS

negus negusti (See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings) of See also:

• ETHIOPIA, or AETHIOPIA (Gr. AlOtoaia)

Ethiopia (1844- ), son of Haeli Melicoth, king of See also:

• SHOA

Shoa, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1844, and claimed to be a See also:

• DIRECT

direct descendant of See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon by the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen. of Sheba . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of his See also:

• FATHER

father in 1855 he was kept a prisoner at See also:

• GONDAR

Gondar by Kassai, the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, who had seized the See also:

• THRONE

throne under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore III . But having succeeded in effecting his See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape he was acknowledged king of Shoa, and at once attacked the usurper . These See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns were unsuccessful, and he turned his arms to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, and annexed much territory to his See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, still, however, maintaining his divine right to the See also:

• CROWN

crown of Ethiopia . After the death of Theodore in 1888 he continued to struggle against his successor, the emperor Johannes (better known to Europeans as King See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of Abyssinia) . Being again unsuccessful, he resolved to await a more propitious occasion; so, acknowledging the supremacy of Johannes, in 1886 he married his daughter Zeodita (b . 1876) to the emperor's son, the See also:

• RAS

Ras See also:

• AREA

Area; he was thereupon declared See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir to the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, and on his See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side acknowledged the Ras Area as his successor . Ras Area died in May 1888, and the emperor Johannes was killed in a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war against the dervishes at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• GALLABAT, or GALABAT

Gallabat (Matemma) on the loth of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1888 . The See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession now See also:

• LAY

lay between the See also:

• LATE

late emperor's natural son, the Ras Mangasha, and Menelek, but the latter was elected by a large See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority on the 4th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, and consecrated shortly afterwards . Menelek had married in 1883 Taitu (b . 1854) a princess of See also:

• TIGRE

Tigre, a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady who had been married four times previously and who exercised considerable See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence .

Menelek's clemency to Mangasha, whom he compelled to submit and then made See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy of Tigre, was See also:

• ILL

ill repaid by a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of revolts . In 1889, at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when he was claiming the throne against Mangasha, Menelek signed at Uccialli a treaty with See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy acknowledging See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian claims to the See also:

• ASMARA

Asmara See also:

• DISTRICT

district . Finding, however, that according to the Italian view of one of its articles the treaty placed his empire under Italian domination, Menelek ienounced it; and after defeating the Italians at Amba-Alagi, he compelled them to capitulate at See also:

• ADOWA (properly ADUA)

Adowa in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1896, and a treaty was signed recognizing the See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of Abyssinia . His See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French sympathies were shown in a reportedofficial offer of treasure towards See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of the See also:

• INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the Franco-Prussian War, and in February 1897 he concluded a commercial treaty with See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France on very favourable terms . He also gave assistance to French See also:

• OFFICERS

officers who sought to reach the upper See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile from Abyssinia, there to join forces with the Marchand See also:

• MISSION

Mission; and Abyssinian armies were sent Nilewards . A See also:

• BRITISH

British mission under See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• RENNELL, JAMES (1742-1830)

Rennell Rodd in May 1897, however, was cordially received, and Menelek agreed to a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of the Somali 'boundaries, to keep open to British See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce the See also:

• CARAVAN (more correctly Karwan)

caravan route between See also:

• ZAILA

Zaila and See also:

• HARRAR (or HARAR)

Harrar, and tq prevent the transit of munitions of war to the Mandists, whom he proclaimed enemies of Abyssinia . In the following See also:

• YEAR

year the, See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan was reconquered by an Anglo-See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army and there-after cordial relations between Menelek and the British authorities were established . In 1889 and subsequent years, Menelek sent forces to co-operate with the British troops engaged against the Somali See also:

• MULLAH (Arabic maula, a term which originally expresses the legal bond connecting a former owner with his manumitted slave, both patron and client being called maula, and thus suggests the idea of patronage)

mullah, Mahommed Abdullah . Menelek had in 1898 crushed a See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion by Ras Mangasha (who died in 1906) and he directed his efforts henceforth to the consolidation of his authority, and in a certain degree, to the opening up of his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country to western See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization . He had granted in 1894 a concession for the See also:

• BUILDING

building of a railway to his See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital from the French See also:

• PORT

port of See also:

• JIBUTI (DJIBOUTI)

Jibuti, but, alarmed by a claim made by France in 1902 to the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the See also:

• LINE

line in Abyssinian territory, he stopped for four years the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the railway beyond Dire Dawa . When in 1go6 France, See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and Italy came to an agreement on the subject, Menelek officially reiterated his full See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign rights over the whole of his empire . In May 1909 the emperor's See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson Lij Yasu, or Jeassu, then a lad of thirteen, was married to Romanie (b .

1902), granddaughter of the negus Johannes . Two days later Yasu was publicly See also:

• PRO

pro-claimed at Adis Ababa as Menelek's successor . At that time the emperor was seriously ill and as his ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health continued, a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of regency—from which the emperor was excluded—was formed in March 1910 .