MENNONITES  , a See also:

• BODY

body of religionists who take their name from Menno Simons (see below), the most valued exponent of their principles . They maintain a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity which, discarding the sacerdotal See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea, owns no authority outside the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible and the enlightened See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience, limits See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism to the believer, and See also:

• LAYS

lays stress on those precepts which. vindicate the sanctity of human See also:

• LIFE

life and of a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's word . The See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of origin of the views afterwards called Mennonite (see See also:

• BAPTISTS

BAPTISTS)' was See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich, where in 1523 a small community See also:

• LEFT

left the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and (from See also:

• JAN

Jan . 18, 1525) adopted the tenet of believers' baptism . Unlike other Reformers, they denied at once the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the existing church and of the See also:

• CIVIL

civil authority, though, in See also:

• COMMON

common with the first Christians, it was their See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty to obey all lawful requirements of an See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . By Protestants as much as by Catholics this position was not unnaturally regarded as subversive of the established See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of society . Hence the See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter persecutions which, when the safety of See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration was not imagined, made martyrs of these humble folk, who simply wished to cultivate the religious life apart from the See also:

• WORLD

world . There was something in this ideal which answered to that See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval conception of separation from the world which had leavened all See also:

• MIDDLE

middle-class society in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe; and the revolt from See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome had prepared many minds to accept the further idea of separation from the church, for the pursuit of holiness in a society pledged to See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive discipline . Hence the new teaching and praxis spread rapidly from Switzer-See also:

• LAND

land to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . While the horrors of the See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster fanaticism, which culminated in 1534, made See also:

• ANA

Ana, baptism a byword, and increased the severity of a persecution directed against all Baptists indiscriminately, the reaction against the fatal errors of the Munster experiment increased also the adherents of communities which discarded the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword; thus Menno was brought into their ranks . Each community was See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent, See also:

• UNITED

united with others only by the See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

bond of love . There was no See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy (as with the See also:

• FAMILISTS

Familists), but " exhorters " chosen by the members, among them " elders " for administering baptism and the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord's Supper; an arrangement so readily renewed that the sure way of putting down such a body was the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of all its constituents, often by drowning, anappropriate end, according to See also:

• ZWINGLI, HULDREICH (1484—1531)

Zwingli's quip .

The remnant of the Swiss Mennonites (not tolerated till 1710) See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke in 1620 into two parties, the Uplanders (or Amish, from their See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob See also:

• AMEN

Amen) holding against the Lowlanders that See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication of See also:

• HUSBAND

husband or wife dissolved See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, and that razors and buttons were unlawful . In Holland the Mennonites have always been numerous . An offshoot from them at Rhijnsburg in 1618, founded by the four See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, farmers, See also:

• VAN

Van der Kodde, and named Collegianten from their meetings, termed collegia (thus, as not churches, escaping the penal See also:

• LAWS

laws), has been compared to the See also:

• PLYMOUTH
• PLYMOUTH, EARLS OF

Plymouth Brethren, but differed in so far as they required no conformity of religious See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, and recognized no See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of teacher . With them, as See also:

• MARTINEAU, HARRIET (1802-1876)
• MARTINEAU, JAMES (1805-1900)

Martineau notes, See also:

• SPINOZA, BARUCH (1632-1677)

Spinoza had " an intense See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-feeling." Later, the exiled Socinians from See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland (166o) were' in many cases received into membership . There had previously been overtures, more than once, for See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union with Mennonites on the See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• POLISH

Polish Socinians, who agreed with them in the rejection of oaths, the refusal to take human life, the consequent See also:

• ABSTINENCE (from Lat. abstinere, to abstain)

abstinence from military service and magisterial office, and in the Biblical basis of See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine; See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences of doctrinal See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation precluded any See also:

• FUSION

fusion . In Holland the Mennonites were exempted from military service in 1575, from See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath-taking in 1585, from public office in 1617 . In See also:

• ZEELAND (or ZEALAND)

Zeeland exemption, from military service and oaths was granted in 1577; afterwards, as in See also:

• FRIESLAND, or VRIESLAND

Friesland, a heavy See also:

• POLL

poll tax was the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price of exemption from military service; but since 1795 they have enjoyed a legal exemption from oath-taking . In France the Mennonites of the See also:

• VOSGES
• VOSGES (Lat. Vogesus or Vosagus, Ger. Wasgau or Vogesen)

Vosges were exempted from military service in 1793, an exemption confirmed by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, who employed them in See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital service on his See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns . That he did not exempt the Dutch Mennonites is due to the fact that " they had ceased to See also:

• PRESENT

present a united front of resistance to military claims " (Martineau); in fact they sent a large See also:

• BAND

band of See also:

• VOLUNTEERS

volunteers to See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo (See also:

• BARCLAY, ALEXANDER (c. 1476-1552)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1582-1621)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1734-1798)
• BARCLAY, R
• BARCLAY, ROBERT (1648-1690)
• BARCLAY, WILLIAM (1546–1608)

Barclay) . While in Germany the Mennonites exist in considerable See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, more important are the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Mennonite colonies in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, brought there in 1786 by See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine II., and freed, by the See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of See also:

• COMPLETE

complete religious See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, from the hardships imposed by Prussian military See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . These colonies have sent many emigrants to See also:

• AMERICA

America, where their See also:

• OLDEST

oldest community was settled (1683) at See also:

• GERMANTOWN

Germantown, See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania . Their See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement in See also:

• CANADA

Canada See also:

• DATES

dates from 1786 .

Among the See also:

• AMERICAN

American Mennonites there are three sections, and a progressive party, known as New School Mennonites . S . See also:

• CRAMER, JOHANN BAPTIST (1771—1858)
• CRAMER, JOHN ANTONY (1793—1848)
• CRAMER, KARL VON (1818—r9o2)

Cramer gives (1903) the following See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics: in all, some 250,000 members, of whom over 8o,000 are in the United States, 70,000 in Russia, 6o,000 in Holland, 2o,000 in Canada, 18,000 in Germany, 1500. in See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, Boo in France, and the same number in Poland and See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia . (A . Go .