See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

PRINCE See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

ALEXANDER DANILOVICH See also:

• PRINCE ALEXANDER DANILOVICH MENSHIKOV (1663?–1729)
• MENSHIKOV, ALEXANDER SERGEIEVICH, PRINCE (1787-1869)

MENSHIKOV (1663?–1729)  , See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born not earlier than 166o nor later than 1663 . It is disputed whether his See also:

• FATHER

father was an ostler or a bargee . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty he was gaining his livelihood in the streets of See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow as a vendor of See also:

• MEAT

meat-pies . His See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand-some looks and See also:

• SMART, CHRISTOPHER (1722-1771)
• SMART, HENRY (1813–1879)
• SMART, JOHN (c. 1740–1811)
• SMART, SIR GEORGE THOMAS (1776–1867)

smart sallies attracted the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois Lefort, See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's first favourite, who took him into his service and finally transferred him to the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of Lefoit*s in 1699, See also:

• MENSHIKOV, ALEXANDER DANILOVICH, PRINCE (1663?–1729)
• MENSHIKOV, ALEXANDER SERGEIEVICH, PRINCE (1787-1869)

Menshikov succeeded him as See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime favourite . Ignorant, brutal, grasping and corrupt as he was, he deserved the confidence of his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master . He could See also:

• DRILL

drill a See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment, build a See also:

• FRIGATE

frigate, administer a See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, and decapitate a See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel with equal facility . During the tsar's first See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign tour, Menshikov worked by his See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side in the See also:

• DOCKYARDS

dockyards of See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, and acquired a thorough knowledge of colloquial Dutch and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German . He took an active ' See W . L . Hoffman in the Fourteenth See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report (See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, 1896) of the See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau of See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• ETHNOLOGY

Ethnology and A . E .

See also:

• JENKS, JEREMIAH WHIPPLE (1856– )

Jenks in the Ninqteenth Report (1900) . See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• AZOV
• AZOV, SEA OF

Azov See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns (1695-96), and superseded See also:

• OGILVIE (or OGILBY), JOHN (c. 158o-1615)

Ogilvie as See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief during the See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat before See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles XII. in 1708, subsequently participating in the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Holowczyn, the reduction of Mazepa, and the crowning victory of See also:

• POLTAVA

Poltava (See also:

• JUNE

June 26, 1709), where he won his See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal's See also:

• BATON (Fr. baton, baston, from Late Lat. basto, a stick or staff)

baton . From 1709 to 1714 he served during the See also:

• COURLAND, or KURLAND

Courland, See also:

• HOLSTEIN
• HOLSTEIN, FRIEDRICH VON (1837–1909)

Holstein and Pomeranian campaigns, but then, as See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of Ingria, with almost unlimited See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, was entrusted with a leading part in the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . Menshikov understood perfectly the principles on which Peter's reforms were conducted, and was the right hand of the tsar in all his gigantic undertakings . But he abused his omnipotent position, and his depredations frequently, brought him to the See also:

• VERGE (Lat. virga, a rod)

verge of ruin . Every See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the tsar returned to See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia he received fresh accusations of peculation against " his Serene See also:

• HIGHNESS

Highness." Peter's first serious outburst of indignation (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1711) was due to the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince's looting in See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland .. On his return to Russia in 1712, Peter discovered that Menshikov had winked at wholesale corruptions in his own governor-generalship . Peter warned him " for the last time " to See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change his ways . Yet, in 1713, he was implicated in the famous Solov'ey See also:

• PROCESS

process, in the course of which it was demonstrated that he had defrauded the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of 100,000 roubles) . He only owed his See also:

• LIFE

life on this occasion to a sudden illness . On his recovery Peter's fondness for his friend overcame his sense of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice . In the last See also:

• YEAR

year of Peter's reign fresh frauds and defalcations of Menshikov came to See also:

• LIGHT

light, and he was obliged to See also:

• APPEAL

appeal for See also:

• PROTECTION

protection to the empress See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine .

It was chiefly through the efforts of Menshikov and his colleague Tolstoi that, on the death of Peter, in 1725, Catherine was raised to the See also:

• THRONE

throne . Menshikov was committed to the Petrine See also:

• SYSTEM

system, and he recognized that, if that system were to continue, Catherine was, at that particular time, the only possible See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate . Her name was a watchword for the progressive See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction . The placing of her on the throne meant a final victory over See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient prejudices, a vindication of the new ideas of progress . During her See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short reign (See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1725--May 1727), Menshikov was practically See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute . On the whole he ruled well, his difficult position serving as some See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint upon his natural inclinations . He contrived to prolong his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power after Catherine's death by means of a forged will and a coup d'etat . While his colleague Tolstoi would have raised See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth Petrovna to the throne, Menshikov set up the youthful Peter II., son of the tsarevich Alexius, with himself as See also:

• DICTATOR (from the Lat. dictare, frequentative of dicere, to speak)

dictator during the prince's minority . He now aimed at .establishing himself definitely by marrying his daughter See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary to Peter IL But the old See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility, represented by the Dolgorukis and the Golitsuins, See also:

• UNITED

united to overthrow him, and he was deprived of all his dignities and offices and expelled from the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital (See also:

• SEPT

Sept . 9, 1727) . Subsequently he was deprived of his enormous See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, and he and his whole See also:

• FAMILY

family were banished to See also:

• BEREZOV

Berezov in See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia, where he died on the 12th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1729 . See G .

V . Esipov, See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

Biography of A . D . Menshikov (Rus.) (St . See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, 1875) ; N . I . Kostomarov, The See also:

• HISTORY

History of Russia in the See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies of her See also:

• GREAT

great Men (Rus.), vol. ii . (St Petersburg, 1888, See also:

• FEE

Fee.) ; R . Nisbet See also:

• BAIN, ALEXANDER (1818-1903)
• BAIN, ANDREW GEDDES (1797-1864)

Bain, The First Romanovs (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1905) ; ibid . The Pupils of Peter the Great, ch . 2-4 (See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster, '1897) . (R .

N .