See also:

• MERIONETH (Welsh, Meirionydd)

MERIONETH (Welsh, Meirionydd)  , a See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, bounded N. by See also:

• CARNARVON
• CARNARVON, EARLDOM OF

Carnarvon and See also:

• DENBIGH (Dinbych)
• DENBIGH, WILLIAM FEILDING, 1ST EARL

Denbigh, E. by Denbigh and See also:

• MONTGOMERY
• MONTGOMERY ( Tre' Faldwyn)
• MONTGOMERY, GABRIEL, SEIGNEUR DE LORGES, COMTE DE (c. 1530-1574)
• MONTGOMERY, JAMES (1771-1854)
• MONTGOMERY, ROBERT (1807-1855)

Montgomery, S.E. by Montgomery, S. by the Dovey (Dyfi) See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary, dividing it from See also:

• CARDIGAN (Aberteifi)
• CARDIGAN, JAMES THOMAS BRUDENELL, 7TH EARL OR (1797-1868)

Cardigan, and W. by Cardigan See also:

• BAY

Bay . It is nearly triangular, its greatest length from N.E. to S.W. being about 45 m., its greatest breadth about 30 M . The See also:

• RELIEF

relief is less bold than that of Carnarvon, but the scenery is richer and more picturesquely varied . The highest summits are the peaks of Cader Idris (q.v.) including See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

Pen y gader (the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair; 2927 ft.); See also:

• ARAN

Aran Fawddwy (2970 ft.); Arenig fawr (260o ft.); Y Llethr (2475 ft.), and Rhobell fawr (2313 ft.) . Perhaps the finest of the valleys are those of Dyfi (Dovey) Dysyni, Tal y llyn (forehead of the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake), Maw (Mawddach), and See also:

• FESTINIOG (or FFESTINIOG)

Festiniog . The Dyfrdwy (See also:

• DEE
• DEE (Welsh, Dyfrdwy;, Lat.., and in Milton, Deva)

Dee) drains See also:

• BALA

Bala Lake (Llyn Tegid or Pimblemere), which is fed by two See also:

• BROOKS, CHARLES WILLIAM SHIRLEY (1816-1874)
• BROOKS, PHILLIPS (1835-1893)

brooks rising at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the Berwyn Hills . The Dyfrdwy leaves the lake at the north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east corner, near See also:

• CASTELL, EDMUND (16o6-1685)

Castell Goronwy (erected 1202, hardly traceable), flowing slowly to See also:

• CORWEN (" the white choir ")

Corwen, after which it is rapid, and receives the tributaries Alwen, Ceiriog, Clywedog and Alun . The Dyfi (Dovey) rising in a small lake near Aran Fawddwy, passes Machynlleth, and expands into an estuary of Cardigan Bay . Rising north of the Aran, the Mawddach (Maw) runs See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west some 12 m., being joined by rivulets . Tratth See also:

• BACH, JOHANN SEBASTIAN (1685–1750)
• BACH, KARL PHILIPP EMANUEL (1714-1788)

bach is formed by the Dwyryd streamlet among others . Other streams are the Wnion, See also:

• EDEN
• EDEN, SIR ASHLEY (1831-1887)

Eden, See also:

• CAIN

Cain (variously spelled) . Besides Bala and Tal y llyn lakes, there are among the hills over fifty more, e.g .

Llyn Mwyngil . Among the waterfalls may be mentioned Rhaiadr y glyn (cascade of the glen), near Corwen, Rhaiadr du (See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black), and Pistyll Cain (Cain's See also:

• WATERSPOUT

waterspout), some 150 ft. high . A See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of the county, 15 M. from north to south by to from east to west, stretching from the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast inland, is of the See also:

• CAMBRIAN

Cambrian See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, composed of grits, quartzites and slates, and comprising the Merionethshire anticlinal . The central portion of this tract is occupied mainly by See also:

• HARLECH (perhaps for Hardd lech, fair slate, or Harleigh, an Anglicized variant)

Harlech Grits and Menevian beds; it is bordered on the north, east and south by the Lingula, Tremadoc and Arenig beds, which are pierced by numerous dikes and intrusive masses, mostly greenstone . The andesitic See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock of Rhobell-fawr is one of the greatest Igneous masses in the whole See also:

• AREA

area of the Lingula beds . The Lingula beds are quarried and See also:

• MINED

mined for See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate at Festiniog, and near Dolgelly See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold is obtained from a See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz vein, while near See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

Bar-mouth See also:

• MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

manganese has been worked . Bordering the Cambrian area are the Ordovician rocks . The Arenig beds are interstratified with and overlaid by accumulations of volcanic ashes, felspathic traps or See also:

• LAVA

lava-flows, which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the rugged heights of Cader Idris, the Arans, the Arenigs, Manod and Moelwyn; and these are in turn overlaid by the Llandeilo and Bala beds, the latter including the Bala See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone . See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

Lead and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper ores have been worked near Towyn . Here and there along the eastern boundary See also:

• LLANDOVERY (Llan-ym-ddyffri)

Llandovery and See also:

• WENLOCK

Wenlock strata are included . The structure of the See also:

• SILURIAN

Silurian tract is synclinal; in the Berwyn mountains the Ordovician rocks again appear with associated andesitic and felsitic lavas and tuffs . West of Llangar, near Corwen, is a small patch of Carboniferous See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone .

Glacial See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift with See also:

• BOULDER
• BOULDER (short for " boulder-stone," of uncertain origin; cf. Swed. bullersten, a large stone which causes a noise of rippling water in a stream, from bullra, to make a loud noise)

boulder See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay is a prominent feature in the valleys and on the mountain sides . A See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal of blown See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand fringes the coast north and south of Harlech . At the Llyn Arenig Bach a See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of kieselguhr has been found . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate varies much with the See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation, from See also:

• BLEAK, or BLICK (Alburnus lucidus)

bleak to genial, as at Aberdyfi (See also:

• ABERDOVEY (Aberdyfi: the Dyfi is the county frontier)

Aberdovey) . See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

Grain crops See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover a small area only, See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green crops being poor, and fruits practically nil . While the See also:

• SOIL

soil is generally thin, there are fertile tracts in the valleys, and there is some reclaimed See also:

• LAND

land . The small, See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy ponies (known as of Llanbedr, See also:

• CONWAY (Conwy, or Aberconwy)
• CONWAY, HENRY SEYMOUR (1721-1795)
• CONWAY, HUGH
• CONWAY, MONCURE DANIEL (1832–1907)
• CONWAY, SIR WILLIAM MARTIN (1856– )

Conway Valley) are now almost restricted to this county and See also:

• MONTGOMERYSHIRE (Welsh Swydd Tre' Faldwyn, Baldwyn's town shire)

Montgomeryshire . Manufactures indude woollen stockings, &c., at and near Bala, flannels at Dolgellau (See also:

• DOLGELLEY (Dolgellau, dale of hazels)

Dolgelley), Towyn, and a few other places . Slate is the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• STAPLE

staple . The Cambrian railway skirts the coast from Portmadoc to Aberdyfi . At See also:

• BARMOUTH (Abermaw, mouth of the Maw, or Mawddach, in Cardigan Bay, the only haven in Merionethshire, North Wales)

Barmouth junction a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch crosses to Dolgelley, where it is joined by a branch of the See also:

• GREAT

Great Western railway . Bala and Festiniog are also See also:

• UNITED

united by the Great Western, and Festiniog is further joined with See also:

• LLANDUDNO

Llandudno junction by the See also:

• LONDON

London & North Western railway, and with Portmadoc (Minffordd) by the narrow See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge railway, a See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• LINE

line, opened in 1865, See also:

• RUNNING

running between Portmadoc and Duffws, rising 700 ft. in 13 M .

The tourist See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic is a source of livelihood to many of the inhabitants . The coast is almost unnavigable, owing to sand-See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks, and the only havens are Barmouth and Aberdyfi . The area of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient county is 427,810 acres or 67o sq. m., with a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population in 1891 of 49,212 and 1901 of 49,149 . In the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, however, the population nearly doubled . The area of the administrative county is 422,018 acres . Welsh is the See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par excellence of Merionethshire . The county returns one member to See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, and has neither See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary nor municipal See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough . The See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban districts are: Bala (pop . 1544), Barmouth (Abermaw, 2214), Dolgelley (Dolgellau, 2437), Festiniog (11,435), Mallwyd (885), Towyn (3756) . The See also:

• SHIRE

shire is in the north-west See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, and assizes are held at Dolgellau . It is partly in the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of St See also:

• ASAPH

Asaph and partly in that of See also:

• BANGOR
• BANGOR (formerly BANGOR FAWR, as distinguished from several other towns of this name in Wales, Ireland, Brittany, &c.)

Bangor, and has 37 ecclesiastical parishes and districts, with parts of four others . See also:

• HISTORY

History and Antiquities.—This is the only Welsh county retaining in See also:

• ENGLISH

English its See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• BRITISH

British name, latinized Into Mervinia, a subdivision of Britannia Secunda, and in the Ordovices' territory .

The poet See also:

• CHURCHYARD
• CHURCHYARD, THOMAS (c. 152o-16o4)

Churchyard in 1587 described the county as remote and difficult of See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access in his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, and it was never made the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of See also:

• BATTLE

battle in Saxon, Danish or See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman times, nor indeed until See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close on the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of Welsh loss of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . There are not many remains, See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic, See also:

• ROMAN

Roman or See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval . Caer Drewyn, a British fort on the Dee, is near Corwen, where See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen Gwynnedd was posted to repel See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II. and whither Owen See also:

• GLENDOWER, OWEN (c. 1359–1415)

Glendower retired before Henry IV . The numerous cromlechs are chiefly near the coast . The Roman via occidentalis ran through the county from south to north and was joined by a branch of Watling See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street at Tomen y mur (perhaps Heriri See also:

• MONS (Flemish Bergen)

Mons) on Sarn See also:

• HELEN

Helen, not far from Castell Prysor . Tomen y mur (detritus of the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall) and Castell Prysor have yielded Roman bricks, tiles, urns and coins . Castell y here, an extensive ruin, and once one of Wales's largest castles, has not been inhabited since the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward I . Cymmer See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey (Y Fanner) near Dolgellau, a Cistercian See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment founded about . 1200, and dissolved by Henry VIII., is most perfect at the east end, with See also:

• LANCET (from Fr. lancette, dim. of lance, lance)

lancet windows, and against the south wall there are a few See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic pillars and See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches . The See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture varies from Norman to Perpendicular . Towen y Bala, east of Bala, is supposed to be a Roman encampment . It was afterwards occupied by the Welsh, to check the English lords marchers .

Moel Offrwm is near Dolgellau . Among the county families may be mentioned that of Hengwrt, since the Hengwrt Welsh See also:

• MSS

MSS. are famous in north Wales and among all Celtic scholars .