See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

COUNT PHILIPPE See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

ANTOINE See also:

• MERLIN, ANTOINE CHRISTOPHE (1762-1833)
• COUNT PHILIPPE ANTOINE MERLIN (1754-1838)

MERLIN (1754-1838)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French politician and ,lawyer, known as See also:

• MERLIN, ANTOINE CHRISTOPHE (1762-1833)
• MERLIN, PHILIPPE ANTOINE, COUNT (1754-1838)

Merlin " of See also:

• DOUAI

Douai," was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Arleux (See also:

• NORD

Nord) on the 3oth of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1154, and was called to the Flemish See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar in 1775 . An indefatigable student, he collaborated in the Repertoire de See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence published by J . N . See also:

• GUYOT, ARNOLD HENRY (18o7–1884)
• GUYOT, YVES (1843– )

Guyot, the later See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of which appeared under Merlin's superintendence, and also contributed to other important legal compilations . Elected to the states-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general as See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy for Douai, he was one of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of those wko applied the principles of See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty and equality embodied in the See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of the 4th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1789 to actual conditions . On behalf of the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee appointed to See also:

• DEAL

deal with feudal rights, he presented to the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention reports on the seignorial rights which were subject to See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation, on See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting and fishing rights, forestry, and kindred subjects . He carried legislation for the abolition of See also:

• PRIMOGENITURE

primogeniture, secured equality of See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance between relations of the same degree, and between men and See also:

• WOMEN

women, His numerous reports to the Constituent See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly were supplemented mented by popular exposition of current legislation in the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal de legislation . On the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the Constituent Assembly he became See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge of the criminal See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court at Douai . He was no See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of violent See also:

• MEASURES

measures; but, as deputy to the Convention, he voted for the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVI., and as a member of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of legislation he presented to the Convention on the 17th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1793 the infamous See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law permitting the detention of suspects . He was closely allied with his namesake Merlin " of Thionville," and, after the See also:

• COUNTER

counter-revolution which brought about the fall of See also:

• ROBESPIERRE, MAXIMILIEN FRANCOIS MARIE ISIDORE DE (175$-1794)

Robespierre, Committee of Public Safety . His efforts were primarily directed to the prevention of any recrudescence of the tyranny exercised by the Jacobin See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club, the See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and the revolutionary tribunal . He persuaded the Committee of Safety to take upon itself the closing of the Jacobin Club, on the ground that it was an administrative rather than a legislative measure .

He recommended the readmission of the survivors of the Girondin party to the Convention, and See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up a law limiting the right of insurrection; he had also a considerable See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign policy of the victorious See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . With See also:

• CAMBACERES, JEAN JACQUES REGIS DE

Cambaceres he had been commissioned in See also:

• APRIL

April 1794 to See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report on the See also:

• CIVIL

civil and criminal legislation of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, with the result that after eighteen months' See also:

• WORK

work he produced his Rapport et projet de See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code See also:

• DES

des delils et des peines (to Vendemiaire, an . IV.) . Merlin's code abolished See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation, See also:

• BRANDING (from Teutonic brinnan, to burn)

branding and imprisonment for See also:

• LIFE

life, and was based chiefly on the penal code See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up in September 1791 . He was made See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice (Oct . 30, 1795) under the See also:

• DIRECTORY

Directory, and showed excessive rigour against the emigrants . After the coup d'etat of the 18th Fructidor he became (See also:

• SEPT

Sept . 5, 1797) one of the five See also:

• DIRECTORS

directors, and was accused of the various failures of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . He retired into private life (See also:

• JUNE

June 18, 1799), and had no share in the revolution of the ,8th See also:

• BRUMAIRE

Brumaire . Under the consulate he accepted a modest See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the court of cassation, where he soon became procureur-general . Although he had no share in See also:

• DRAWING

drawing up the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic code, he did more than any other lawyer to See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix its See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation . He became a member of the council of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, and See also:

• GRAND

grand officer of the See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour; but having resumed his functions during the See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred Days, he was one of those banished on the second restoration .

The years of his See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile were devoted to his Repertoire de jurisprudence (5th ed., 18 vols., Paris, 1827–1828) and to his Recueil alphabetique des questions de See also:

• DROIT (Fr. for " right," from Lat. directus, straight)

droit (4th ed., 8 vols., Paris, 1827–1828) . At the revolution of 183o he was able to return to France, when he re-entered the See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute of France, of which he had been an See also:

• ORIGINAL

original member, being admitted to the See also:

• ACADEMIC

Academic des Sciences Morales et Politiques . He died in Paris on the 26th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1838 . His son, See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

ANTOINE See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

FRANCOIS See also:

• EUGENE

EUGENE MERLIN (1778-1854), was a well-known general in the French See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, and served through most of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon's See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns . See M . See also:

• MIGNET, FRANCOIS AUGUSTE ALEXIS (1796–1884)

Mignet, Portraits et notices historiques (1852), vol. i . MERLIN (Welsh, Myrddhin), the famous See also:

• BARD

bard of Welsh tradition, and enchanter of Arthurian See also:

• ROMANCE

romance . His See also:

• HISTORY

history as related in this latter may be summarized as follows . The infernal See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, aghast at the See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow to their See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence dealt by the Incarnation, determine to counteract it, if possible, by the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of an See also:

• ANTICHRIST (avrixpu ros)

Antichrist, the offspring of a• woman and a See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

devil . As in the See also:

• BOOK

book of See also:

• JOB

Job, a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• FAMILY

family is singled out as subjects of the diabolic experiment, their See also:

• PROPERTY

property is destroyed, one after the other perishes miserably, till one daughter, who has placed herself under the special See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, is See also:

• LEFT

left alone . .The demon takes See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of an unguarded moment of despair, and Merlin is engendered . Thanks, however, to the prompt See also:

• ACTION

action of the See also:

• MOTHER

mother's See also:

• CONFESSOR

confessor, Blayse, in at once baptizing the See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child of this abnormal birth, the mother truly protesting that she has had intercourse with no See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, Merlin is claimed for See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity, but remains' dowered with demoniac powers of insight and prophecy .

An See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant in arms, he saves his mother's life and confounds her accusers by his knowledge of their family secrets . Meanwhile See also:

• VORTIGERN (GUORTHIGIRNUS, WYRTGEORN)

Vortigern, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the Britons, is in despair at the failure of his efforts to build a See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower in a certain spot;' however high it may be reared in a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, it falls again during the See also:

• NIGHT

night . He consults his diviners, who tell him that the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations must be watered with the See also:

• BLOOD

blood of a child who has never had a See also:

• FATHER

father; the king accordingly sends messengers through the See also:

• LAND

land in See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of such a See also:

• PRODIGY

prodigy . They come to the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city where Merlin and his mother dwell at the moment when the boy is See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast out from the companionship of the other lads on the ground that he has had no father . The messengers take him to the king, and on the way he astonishes them by certain prophecies which he became See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Convention and a member of the are fulfilled to their knowledge . Arrived in Vortigern's presence, he at once announces that he is aware alike of the See also:

• FATE

fate destined for him and of the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, hidden from the magicians, of the fall of the tower . It is built over a See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake, and beneath the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the lake in a subterranean cavern See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie two dragons, a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and a red; when they turn over the tower falls . The lake is drained, the correctness of the statement proved, and Merlin's position as court See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet assured . Henceforward he acts as adviser to Vortigern's successors, the princes' Ambrosius and Uther (subsequently Uther-Pendragon) . As a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to the Britons fallen on See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

Plain he brings from See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, by magic means, the stones now forming See also:

• STONEHENGE (Sax. Slanhengist, hanging stones)

Stonehenge . He See also:

• AIDS

aids Uther in his See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion for Yguerne, wife to the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall, by Merlin's spells Uther assumes the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, and on the night of the duke's death See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur is engendered . At his birth the child is committed to Merlin's care, and by him given to Antor, who brings him up as his own son .

On Arthur's successful achievement of the test of the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword in the " See also:

• PERRON (a French word meaning properly a "large stone," Ital. Petrone, from Lat. Petra, Fr. pierre, stone)
• PERRON, PIERRE CUILLIER (1755-1834)

perron," Merlin reveals the truth of his parentage and the fact that he is by hereditary right, as well as by divine selection, king of the Britons . During the earlier See also:

• PART

part of Arthur's reign Merlin acts as counsellor; then he disappears mysteriously from the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene . According to one See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account he is betrayed by a See also:

• MAIDEN, or MAID

maiden, Nimue or Niniane (a king's daughter, or a See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• FAIRY (Fr. fee, faerie; Prov. facia; Sp. hada; Ital. fata; med. Lat. fatare, to enchant, from Lat. fatum, fate, destiny)

fairy, both figure in different versions), of whom he is enamoured, and who having beguiled from him a knowledge of magic spells, casts him into a slumber and imprisons him living in a rocky See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb . This version, with the See also:

• GREAT

great cry, or Brait, which the magician uttered before his death, appears to have been the most popular . Another represents his See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison as one of See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air; he is invisible to all, but can see and hear, and occasionally speak to passers by; thus he holds converse with See also:

• GAWAIN (Fr. Walwain (Brut)

Gawain . In the See also:

• PROSE

prose See also:

• PERCEVAL, or PERCYVELLE (Ger. Parzival, Fr. Perlesvaus, Welsh, Peredur)
• PERCEVAL, SPENCER (1762-1812)

Perceval he retires voluntarily to an " Esplumeor " erected by himself, and is seen no more of, man . The curious See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality of Merlin is now generally recognized as being very largely due to the prolific invention of See also:

• GEOFFREY
• GEOFFREY (1158-1186)
• GEOFFREY (c. I152-1212)

Geoffrey of See also:

• MONMOUTH (Welsh Mynwy)
• MONMOUTH, BATTLE OF (1778)
• MONMOUTH, JAMES SCOTT
• MONMOUTH, ROBERT CAREY, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1560-1639)

Monmouth . See also:

• NENNIUS (fl. 796)

Nennius, upon whose Historia Geoffrey enlarged and " improved," gives indeed the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of Vortigern and the tower, but the boy's name is Ambrosius . Geoffrey calls him Merlin-Ambrosius, a clear See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that he was adapting Nennius' story . He represents the See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage in his role of court diviner, his " Prophecies " being incorporated in later See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts of the Historia . Subsequently Geoffrey enlarged on the theme, composing a Vita Merlini in which we find the magician in the role of a " possessed " See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood-abider, fleeing the haunts of men, and consorting with beasts . This gave rise to the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that there had originally been two Merlins, Merlin-Ambrosius and Merlin-See also:

• SYLVESTER, JAMES
• SYLVESTER, JOSHUA (1563–1618)

Sylvester, a view now discarded by the leading scholars .

The Vita was so successful that Geoffrey obtained as See also:

• REWARD

reward the bishopric of St See also:

• ASAPH

Asaph . Welsh See also:

• VERNACULAR (Lat. verna, dim. vernaculus, a slave horn in his master's house)

vernacular literature has preserved a small but interesting See also:

• GROUP

group of poems, strongly See also:

• NATIONAL

national and patriotic in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, which are attributed to Merlin (Myrddhin) . A few years after Geoffrey's death Merlin's adventures were amplified into a romance, the first draft of which is attributed to See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert de Borron, and which eventually took the form of a lengthy introduction to the prose See also:

• LANCELOT (Lancelot du Lac, or Lancelot of the Lake)

Lancelot and cyclic redaction of the Arthurian See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend . The romantic, as distinguished from legendary or See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical Merlin, exists in the following forms: (a) a fragmentary poem pre-served in a unique See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript of the Bibl. nat . (this gives no more than the introduction to the story) ; (b) a prose rendering of the above, of which a See also:

• FAIR

fair number of copies exist, generally found, as in the original poem, coupled with a version of the .See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early history of the See also:

• GRAIL (formerly KAREL)
• GRAIL, THE HOLY

Grail, known as See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph of Arimathea, and in two cases followed by a Perceval and Mort Artus, thus forming a small See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle; (c) the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

Ordinary or See also:

• VULGATE (from Lat. vulgus, the common people)

Vulgate Merlin, a very lengthy romance, of which numerous copies exist (see Dr See also:

• SOMMER

Sommer's edition) ; (d) and (e) two continuations to the above, each represented by a single manuscript—(d) the " Huth " Merlin, which was utilized by See also:

• MALORY, SIR THOMAS

Malory for his See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, and also formed a part of the compilation used by the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and Portuguese translators, and (e) a very curious manuscript, 337, Bibl. nat . (fonds See also:

• FRANCAIS, ANTOINE, COUNT (1756-1836)

Francais), which Paulin Paris calls the Livre See also:

• ARIUS ("Apews)

Arius, containing much See also:

• MATTER

matter not found elsewhere . M . La Villemarque's " See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical study " (Myrdhinn, ou l'enchanteur Merlin, i86i) cannot be regarded as much more trustworthy than Geoffrey himself . The story of the tower, and the Boy without a Father, has been critically examined by Dr Gaster, in a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper read before the Folk-See also:

• LORE
• LORE, AMBROISE DE (1396-1446)

lore Society and subsequently published in Folk-lore (vol. xvi.) . Dr Gaster cites numerous See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels to the See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale, and See also:

• SEES

sees in it the germ of the whole Merlin legend . See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred Nutt (Revue celtique, vol. See also:

• XXVII

xxvii.) has since shown that Aengus, the magician of the Irish Tuatha de Daman, was also of unknown parentage, and it seems more probable that the Boy without a Father theme was generally associated with the See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic magicians, and is the property of no one in particular . Some years ago the See also:

• LATE

late Mr See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

Ward of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum drew See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to certain passages in the life of St See also:

• KENTIGERN, ST, or MUNGO (" dear friend," a name given to him, according to Jocelyn, by St Servanus)

Kentigern, See also:

• RELATING

relating his dealings with a " possessed " being, a dweller in the See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods, named Lailoken, and pointed out the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical identity of the adventures of that personage and those assigned by Geoffrey to Merlin in the Vita; the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text given by Mr Ward states that some See also:

• PEOPLE

people identified Lailoken with Merlin (see Romania, vol. xxvii.) .

Feed . See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

Lot, in an examination of the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of the Vita Merlini (Annales de Bretagne, vol. xv.), has pointed out the more original character of the " Lailoken " .fragments, and decides that Geoffrey knew the Scottish tradition and utilized it for his Vita . He also comes to the conclusion that the Welsh Merlin poems, with the possible exception of the See also:

• DIALOGUE

Dialogue between Merlin and See also:

• TALIESSIN

Taliessin, are posterior to, and inspired by, Geoffrey's work . So far the researches of scholars appear to point to the result that the legend of Merlin, as we know it, is of complex growth, combined from traditions of See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent and widely differing origin . Most probably there is a certain substratum of fact beneath all; there may have been, there very probably was, a bard and soothsayer of that name, and it is by no means improbable that curious stories were told of his origin . It is See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth noting that See also:

• LAYAMON

Layamon, whose translation of See also:

• WACE, HENRY (1836– )

Wace s See also:

• BRUT, BRUTE

Brut is of so much See also:

• INTEREST

interest, on account of the variants he introduces into the text, gives a much more favourable form of the " Birth " story; the father is a glorious and supernatural being, who appears to the mother in her dreams . Layamon lived on the Welsh border, and the possibility of his variants being drawn from genuine British tradition is generally recognized . The poem relating a dialogue between Merlin and his See also:

• BROTHER

brother bard, Taliessin, may also derive from genuine tradition . Further than this we can hardly venture to go; the See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability is that anything more told of the character and career of Merlin rests upon the imaginative powers and See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of Geoffrey of Monmouth . See also G . Paris and See also:

• ULRICH

Ulrich (Societe des anciens teeter francais, 1886); Merlin, ed . See also:

• WHEATLEY, FRANCIS (1747–1801)

Wheatley (Early See also:

• ENGLISH

English Text Society, 1899); Arthour and Merlin, ed .

Kolbing . (J . L .