See also:

• MESHED (properly Mash-had, " the place of martyrdom ")

MESHED (properly Mash-had, " the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of martyrdom ")  , See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• KHORASAN, or KHORASSAN (i.e. " land of the sun ")

Khorasan in See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, situated in a See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain watered by the Kashaf-rud (See also:

• TORTOISE

Tortoise See also:

• RIVER

river), a tributary of the Hari-rud (river from See also:

• HERAT

Herat, which after its junction with the Kashaf is called Tejen), 46o m . E. of See also:

• TEHERAN
• TEHERAN (more properly TEHRAN)

Teheran (55o by road) and 200 M . N.W. of Herat, in 36° 17' N., 590 36' E., at an See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of 3800 ft . Its See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population is about 70,000 fixed and 1o,000 floating, the latter consisting of pilgrims to the See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine of See also:

• IMAM

Imam Reza.l The See also:

• TOWN

town is of irregular shape, about 6 m. in circumference and surrounded by a mud See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall flanked with towers . In the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western corner of the enclosure stands the citadel (See also:

• ARK (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Arche, adapted from the Lat. area, chest, cf. arcere, to shut up, enclose)„ a chest, basket or box. The Hebrew word tebah, translated in the' A.V. by " ark," is used in the Old Testament (1)

ark), within a wall 25 ft. high and a broad dry ditch which is 40 ft. deep in parts and can be flooded from neighbouring See also:

• WATER

water-courses . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city has five See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates, and from one of them, called See also:

• BALA

Bala Khiaban See also:

• GATE

gate (upper Khiaban), the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street (Khiaban), 25 yds. broad, runs in a See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west–south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east direction, forming a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

avenue planted with See also:

• PLANE

plane and mulberry trees and with a stream of water See also:

• RUNNING

running down its See also:

• MIDDLE

middle . The shrine of Imam Reza is the most venerated spot in Persia, and yearly visited by more than 100,000 pilgrims . See also:

• EASTWICK, EDWARD BACKHOUSE (1814–1883)

Eastwick thus describes it (See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of a Diplomat's Three Years' See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

Residence in Persia, See also:

• LONDON

London, 1864) : " The quadrangle of the shrine seemed to be about 150 paces square . It was paved with large flagstones and in the centre was a beautiful kiosk or See also:

• PAVILION

pavilion, covered with See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and raised over the See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir of water for ablutions . This pavilion was built by See also:

• NADIR (Arabic nadir, " opposite to," used elliptically for nadir-es-semt, "opposite to the zenith ")

Nadir Shah . All See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern, western and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern sides of the quadrangle ran, at some 10 ft. from the ground, a See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of alcoves, similar to that in which I was sitting, and filled with mullas in See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white turbans and dresses . In each of the sides was a gigantic archway, the wall being raised in a square from above the entrance .

The height to the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of this square wall must have been 90 or 100 ft . The alcoves were white, seemingly of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone or See also:

• PLASTER

plaster; but the archways were covered with See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue See also:

• VARNISH

varnish or blue tiles, with beautiful See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions in white and gold . Over the western See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-way was a white cage for the muazzin, and outside it was a gigantic See also:

• MINARET (from the Arabic mandrat ; manar or miner is Arabic for a lighthouse, a tower on which liar, fire, is lit)

minaret 120 ft. high, and as thick as the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York's See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column in London . The beauty of this minaret cannot be exaggerated . It had an exquisitely carved capital, and above that a See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar, seemingly to ft. high; and this and the See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft below the capital, or about 20 ft., were covered with gold . All this See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque (shrine) was built by Shah Abbas . In the centre of the eastern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the quadrangle two gigantic doors were thrown open to admit the See also:

• PEOPLE

people into the See also:

• ADYTUM

adytum or inner mosque (shrine) where is the See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of Imam Reza, surrounded by a See also:

• SILVER

silver railing with knobs of gold . There was a See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of steps ascending to these doors, and beyond were two smaller doors encrusted with jewels—the rubies were particularly fine . The inner mosque would contain 3000 persons . Over it See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose a See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome entirely covered with gold, with two minarets at the sides, likewise gilt all over . On the right of the Imam's tomb is that of Abbas Mirza, grandfather of the reigning Shah.' Near him several other princes and chiefs of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note are buried . Beyond the See also:

• GOLDEN

golden dome, in striking and beautiful contrast with it, was a smaller dome of See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright blue .

Here begins the mosque of Gauhar See also:

• SHAD

Shad.' The quadrangle is larger than that of Shah Abbas; and at the eastern side is an immense blue dome, out of which quantities of grass were growing, the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place being too sacred to be disturbed . In front of the dome rose two lofty minarets covered with blue tiles . In the See also:

• BOULEVARD (a Fr. word, earlier boulevart, from Dutch or Ger. Bollwerk, cf. Eng. " bulwark ")

boulevard of the Bala Khiaban is a See also:

• KITCHEN (O.E. cycene; this and other cognate forms, such as Dutch keuken, Ger. Kiuche, Dan. kokken, Fr. cuisine, are formed from the Low Lat. cucina, Lat. coquina, coquere, to cook)

kitchen supported by the revenues of the shrine, where 800 persons are fed daily." The buildings of the shrine together with a space extending to about one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred yards beyond the gates of the shrine on each side is See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary (bast) . Within it are many shops and lodgings, and criminals, even murderers, may live there in safety . The only other notable buildings in the place are some colleges (medresseh), the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest being the M . Do-See also:

• DAR

dar, i.e . " See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of two doors," built in 1439 by Shah Rukh, and some fine caravanserais, two dating from 1680 . 1 Abut See also:

• HASSAN

Hassan See also:

• ALI

Ali, al Reza, commonly known as Imam Reza, the eighth imam of the See also:

• SHIITES (from Arab. shi`a, a party, and then a sect)

Shiites, a son of Musa al Kazim, the seventh imam, was the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader from whom the party of the Alids (Shiites) had such hopes under the See also:

• CALIPHATE

caliphate of See also:

• MAMUN (c. 786-833)

Mamun . Gold coins (dinars) of this See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

caliph are extant on which al Reza's name appears with the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir-apparent . The imam died in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 819 in the See also:

• VILLAGE

village Sanabad near Tus, some See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles north-west of See also:

• MESHED (properly Mash-had, " the place of martyrdom ")

Meshed . To the Shiites he is a See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

martyr, being believed to have been poisoned by Mamun . ' This refers to Nasr-ud-din (d .

1896), grandfather of Shah Mahommed Ali (1907) . Gauhar Shad was the wife of Shah Rukh (1404–1447), and was murdered ,by that monarch's successor See also:

• ABU

Abu Said, See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1, 1457 . Her mosque was built in 1418 . Without the pilgrims who come to visit it, Meshed would be a poor place, but lying on the eastern confines of Persia, See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to See also:

• AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan, See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian Central See also:

• ASIA

Asia and Transcaspia, at the point where a number of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade routes converge, it is very important politically, and the See also:

• BRITISH

British and Russian governments have maintained consulates-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general there since 1889 . Meshed had formerly a See also:

• GREAT

great transit trade to Central Asia, of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European manufactures, mostly See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester goods, which came by way of See also:

• TREBIZOND (Gr. Trapezus)

Trebizond, See also:

• TABRIZ

Tabriz and Teheran; and of See also:

• INDIAN

Indian goods and See also:

• PRO

pro-duce, mostly See also:

• MUSLIN (through Fr. mousseline from It. mussolino, diminutive of Mussolo, i.e. the town Mosul in Kurdistan)

muslin and Indian and See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green teas, which came by way of Bander Abbasi . With the opening of the Russian railway from the See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian to See also:

• MERV, MERU

Merv, See also:

• BOKHARA (Bokhara-i-Sherif)
• BOKHARA, or BUKHARA (the common central Asian pronunciation is Bukhara)

Bokhara and See also:

• SAMARKAND

Samarkand in 1886–1887, Russian manufacturers were enabled to compete in Central Asia with their western rivals, and the value of European manufactures passing Meshed in transit was much reduced . In 1894 the Russian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government enforced new customs regulations, by which a heavy See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty is levied on Anglo-Indian manufactures and produce, excepting See also:

• PEPPER
• PEPPER, WILLIAM (1843–1898)

pepper, See also:

• GINGER (Fr. gingembre, Ger. Ingwer)

ginger and drugs, imported into Russian Asia by way of Persia; and the importation of green teas is altogether prohibited except by way of See also:

• BATUM

Batum, See also:

• BAKU

Baku, Uzunada and the Transcaspian railway . Since then the transit trade has been practically nil . In 1890 General Maclean, the British See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul-general, reported that there were 65o See also:

• SILK

silk, 40 See also:

• CARPET

carpet and 320 See also:

• SHAWL

shawl looms at See also:

• WORK

work . The carpet-looms at work now number several hundreds, while looms of silk and shawl number less than See also:

• HALF

half what they did in 189o . Meshed has See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph (since 1876) and See also:

• POST

post (since 1879) offices, and the Imperial See also:

• BANK

Bank of Persia opened a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch here in 1891 . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is temperate and healthy .

The coldest See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month is See also:

• JANUARY

January, with a mean temperature of about 32° F., while the hottest month is See also:

• JULY

July, with a mean of 78° . The highest temperature. recorded in a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of six years was 91°, the lowest 15° . The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual rainfall during nine years (1899–1907) was nearly 91 in., about one-eighth of it being represented by See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow . (A .