MESSENE  , an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of See also:

• MESSENIA (Gr. M€ rcr vrl or M€o o vta)

Messenia, founded by See also:

• EPAMINONDAS (c. 418-362)

Epaminondas in 369 B.C., after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• LEUCTRA

Leuctra and the first Theban invasion of the Peloponnese . The See also:

• TOWN

town was built by the combined Theban and Argive armies and the exiled Messenians who had been invited to return and found a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state which should be See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of, Spartan See also:

• RULE

rule . The site was chosen by Epaminondas and See also:

• LAY

lay on the western slope of the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain which dominates the Messenian See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain and culminates in the two peaks of Ithome and Eua . The former of these (2630 ft.) served as the See also:

• ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

acropolis, and was included within the same See also:

• SYSTEM

system of fortifications as the See also:

• LOWER

lower city . Messene remained a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of some importance under the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, but we hear nothing of it in See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval times and now the See also:

• HAMLET

hamlet of Mavromati occupies a small See also:

• PART

part of the site . See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias has See also:

• LEFT

left us a description of the city (iv . 31-33), its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief temples and statues, its springs, its See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-place and gymnasium, its place of See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice (tepo0uo-wv), the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero See also:

• ARISTOMENES

Aristomenes (q.v.) and the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• ZEUS

Zeus Ithomatas on thesummit of the acropolis with a statue by the famous Argive sculptor See also:

• AGELADAS, or (as the name is spelt in an inscription) HAGELAIDAS

Ageladas, originally made for the Messenian See also:

• HELOTS (Gr. eYAwres or eiXiorat)

helots who had settled at See also:

• NAUPACTUS (Ital. Lepanto, mod. Gr. Epakto)

Naupactus at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the third Messenian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War . But what chiefly excited his wonder was the strength of its fortifications, which excelled all those of the Greek See also:

• WORLD

world . Of the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, some 52 M. in extent, considerable portions yet remain, especially on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, and almost the entire See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit can still be traced, affording the finest extant example of Greek fortification . The wall is flanked by towers about 31 ft. high set at irregular intervals: these have two storeys with loopholes in the lower and windows in the upper, and are entered by doors on a level with the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the wall which is reached by flights of steps . Of the See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates only two can be located, the eastern or Laconian, situated on the eastern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• SADDLE (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Sattel, Dut. zadel, also in Russ. siedlo and Lat. sella, for sedla; it is not derived directly from Lat. sedile, which means a chair, but all the words are to be referred to the root sad-, which gives

saddle uniting Ithome and Eua, and the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern or Arcadian See also:

• GATE

gate . Of the former but little remains: the latter, however, is excellently preserved and consists of a circular See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court about 20 yds. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter with inner and See also:

• OUTER

outer gates, the latter flanked by square towers some 11 yds. apart .

The See also:

• LINTEL (0. Fr. lintel, mod. linteau, from Late Lat. limitellum, limes, boundary, confused in sense with limen, threshold; the Latin name is supercilium, Ital. soprasogli, and Ger. Stutz)

lintel of the inner gate was formed by a single See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone 18 ft . 8 in. in length, and the See also:

• MASONRY

masonry of the circular court is of astonishing beauty and accuracy . The other buildings which can be identified are the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, the See also:

• STADIUM

stadium, the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council chamber or Bouleuterion, and the propylaeum of the market, while on the See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder of the mountain are the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of a small temple, probably that of See also:

• ARTEMIS

Artemis Laphria . See E . See also:

• CURTIUS, ERNST (1814-1896)
• CURTIUS, MARCUS

Curtius, Peloponnesos, ii . 138 sqq . ; W . M . See also:

• LEAKE, WILLIAM MARTIN (1777-186o)

Leake, Travels in the Morea, i . 366 sqq . ; J . G .

Frazer, Pausanias's Description of See also:

• GREECE

Greece, iii . 429 sqq ; W . G . See also:

• CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851- )
• CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (1752—1818)
• CLARK, JOHN BATES (1847— )
• CLARK, JOSIAH LATIMER (1822—1898)
• CLARK, SIR ANDREW
• CLARK, SIR JAMES (1788—1870)
• CLARK, THOMAS (1801—1867)
• CLARK, WILLIAM (1770-1838)
• CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE (1821—1878)

Clark, Peloponnese, 232 sqq . ; A . Blouet, Exiled. scient. de Moree: See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

Architecture, 1 . 37-42, Plates 38—47; E . P . Boblaye, Recherches geogr. sur See also:

• LES

les ruines de la See also:

• MORA, JOSE (1638-1725)
• MORA, or MORRA (Ital. delay)

Mora, 107 sqq.; C . See also:

• BURSIAN, CONRAD (1830–1883)

Bursian, Geographie von Griechenland, ii . 165 sqq . (M .

N .