See also:

• GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

GABRIEL See also:

• GABRIEL METSU (1630—1667)

METSU (1630—1667)  , Dutch painter, was the son of See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob See also:

• METSU, GABRIEL (1630—1667)

Metsu, who lived most of his days at See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden, where he was three times married . The last of these marriages was celebrated in 1625, and Jacomma Garnijers, herself the widow of a painter, gave See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth to See also:

• GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

Gabriel in 163o . According to See also:

• HOUBRAKEN, JACOBUS (1698–178o)

Houbraken Metsu was taught by See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

Gerard See also:

• DOW, LORENZO (1777-1834)
• DOW, NEAL (1804-1897)

Dow, though his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• WORKS

works do not lend See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour to this assertion . It is certain, however, that he was influenced in turn by See also:

• JAN

Jan See also:

• STEEN, JAN HAVICKSZ (1626-1.679)

Steen, See also:

• REMBRANDT (1606-1669)

Rembrandt, and See also:

• HALS, FRANS (158o?–1666)

Hals . Metsu was registered among the first members of the painters' See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation at Leiden; and the books of the gild also tell us that he remained a member in 1649 . In 165o he ceased to subscribe, and works bearing his name and the. date of 1653 give countenance to the belief that he had then settled at See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, where he probably continued his studies under Rembrandt . One of his earliest pictures is the " See also:

• LAZARUS (a contracted form of the Heb. name Eleazar, " God has helped," Gr. Aiq-apos)
• LAZARUS, EMMA (1849–1887)
• LAZARUS, HENRY (1815–1895)
• LAZARUS, MORITZ (1824–1903)
• LAZARUS, ST, ORDER OF

Lazarus " at the See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg Museum, painted under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Jan Steen . Under the influence of Rembrandt he produced the " Woman taken in See also:

• ADULTERY (from Lat. adulterium)

Adultery," a large picture with the date of 1653 in the Louvre . To the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period belong the " Departure of Hagar," formerly in the Thore collection, and the " Widow's See also:

• MITE

Mite " at the See also:

• SCHWERIN
• SCHWERIN, KURT CHRISTOPH, COUNT VON (1684–1757)

Schwerin See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

Gallery . But he probably observed that sacred See also:

• ART

art was See also:

• ILL

ill suited to his See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper, or he found the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field too strongly occupied, and turned to other subjects for which he was better fitted . That at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he was deeply impressed by the vivacity and bold technique of Frans Hals can be gathered from See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• LONSDALE, EARLS OF
• LONSDALE, WILLIAM (1994-1871)

Lonsdale's picture of " See also:

• WOMEN

Women at a Fishmonger's See also:

• SHOP

Shop." What Metsu undertook and carried out from the first with surprising success was the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• LIFE

life of the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market and See also:

• TAVERN

tavern, contrasted, with wonderful versatility, by incidents of high life and the See also:

• DRAWING

drawing-See also:

• ROOM

room . In no single instance do the See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic lessons of Rembrandt appear to have been lost upon him .

The same principles of See also:

• LIGHT

light and shade which had marked his schoolwork in the " Woman taken in Adultery " were applied to subjects of quite a different See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind . A See also:

• GROUP

group in a drawing-room, a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups in the market-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, or a single figure in the gloom of a tavern or parlour, was treated with the utmost felicity by See also:

• FIT

fit concentration and gradation of light, a warm flush of See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone pervading every See also:

• PART

part, and, with that, the study of texture in stuffs was carried as far as it had been by Ter Borch or Dow, if not with the finish or the brio of De See also:

• HOOCH, PIETER DE (1629-?1678)

Hooch . Metsu went to Amsterdam before 1655, married in 1658, and became a See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen of that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in 165g . One of the best pictures of Metsu's manhood is the " Market-place of Amsterdam," at the Louvre, respecting which it is difficult to distribute praise in See also:

• FAIR

fair proportions, so excellent are the various parts, the characteristic See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement and See also:

• ACTION

action of the dramatis personae, the selection of faces, the expression and the gesture, and the texture of the things depicted . Equally See also:

• FINE

fine, though earlier, are the " Sportsman " (dated 1661) and the " Tavern " (also 1.661) at the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague and See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden Museums, and the " See also:

• GAME

Game-Dealer's Shop," also at Dresden, with the painter's See also:

• SIGNATURE (through Fr. from Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, mark, token, sign)

signature and 1662 . Among the five examples of the painter at the See also:

• WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL (1823— )
• WALLACE, LEWIS [LEW] (1827—1905)
• WALLACE, SIR RICHARD
• WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1270-1305)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1768-1843)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844-1897)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT (1814-1865)

Wallace Collection, including " The Tabby See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

Cat," " The Sleeping Sportsman," which cost Lord See also:

• HERTFORD
• HERTFORD, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Hertford £3000, is an admirable example technically considered . Among his finest representations of See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home life are the " Repast " at the Hermitage in St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg; the " See also:

• MOTHER

Mother See also:

• NURSING

nursing her Sick See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

Child " of the Steengracht Gallery at the Hague; the " See also:

• AMATEUR (Lat. amator, lover)

Amateur Musicians " at the Hague Gallery; the " See also:

• DUET (an adaptation of the Ital. duetto, from Lat. duo, two)

Duet " and the " See also:

• MUSIC

Music See also:

• LESSON (through Fr. lecon from Lat. lectio, reading; legere, to read)

Lesson " at the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Gallery, and many more examples at nearly all the leading See also:

• EUROPEAN

European galleries . METTERNICH-WINNEBURG, CLEMENS See also:

• WENZEL, KARL FRIEDRICH (1740-1793)

WENZEL LOTHAR, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

PRINCE (1773-1859), See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian statesman and diplomatist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• COBLENZ (KOBLENZ)

Coblenz on the 15th of May 1773 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz Georg Karl von Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein' (d . 1818), was a diplomatist who had passed from the service of the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop-elector of See also:

• TRIER (French Troves)

Trier to that of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna; his mother was Countess Maria Beatrix Aloisia von Kagenegg . At the time of Clemens Metternich's birth, and for some time subsequently, his father was Austrian See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador to the courts of the three Rhenish See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors, and the boy was thus from the first brought up under the influence of the tone and ideas which flourished in the small See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German courts that See also:

• LAY

lay within the See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of influence of the See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France of the ancien regime .. In 1788 he went to the university of Strassburg, where he studied German constitutional See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law; but the outbreak of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Revolution caused him to leave after two years .

Metternich was a See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness of the excesses of the See also:

• MOB

mob in Strassburg, and he ascribed his life-See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long hatred of See also:

• POLITICAL

political innovation to these early experiences of the victory of liberal ideas . In 1790, by way of striking contrast, he was deputed by the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench of the Westphalian See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of See also:

• COUNTS

counts to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as their See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the ceremonies at the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

Emperor See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold II. at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort; a See also:

• FUNCTION

function which he again performed at the coronation of See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis II. in 1792 . The intervening time he spent at See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, attending the university and frequenting the court of the archbishop-elector, where his impressions of the Revolution were strengthened by his intercourse with the French emigres who had made it their centre . The outbreak of the revolutionary See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war drove him from Mainz, and he went to See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, where he found employment in the See also:

• CHANCERY

chancery of his father, at that time Austrian See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister to the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands . Here, in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1794, he issued his first publication, a pamphlet in which he denounced the " shallow pates " of the old See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy and argued that the only way to combat the French revolutionary armies was by a See also:

• LEVEE (from Fr. lever, to raise)
• LEVEE (from the French substantival use of lever, to rise; there is no French substantival use of levee in the English sense)

levee en masse of the populations on the frontier of France—singular views for the statesman who was destined to be the last See also:

• GREAT

great representative of the old diplomacy and the greater part of whose life was to be spent in combating the national enthusiasms by which the revolutionary See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of France was ultimately overthrown . After a long stay in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, where he made the acquaintance of the prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales (afterwards See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George IV.), Metternich went to Vienna; and on the 27th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1795 he married at See also:

• AUSTERLITZ (Czech Slavkov)

Austerlitz the Countess Eleonore von Kaunitz, a See also:

• GRAND

grand-daughter of that Austrian See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor who, in many respects was his prototype . This See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance not only brought him great estates in See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, but introduced him into the most exalted circles of Viennese society . Here he was well qualified to hold his own by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of his handsome presence, the exquisite See also:

• COURTESY (O. Fr. curtesie, later courtoisie)

courtesy of his address and a certain reputation for gallantry . He was far, however, from being a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• CARPET

carpet diplomatist . His interests were many and varied, and he found time for the serious study of natural See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1797 he was chosen by the Westphalian counts as their representative at the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of Rastadt, where he remained till 1799 . This was his first experience of the great See also:

• WORLD

world of See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical politics and especially of those rough diplomatists of the Revolution of whom in his letters he has See also:

• LEFT

left so vivid a description .

In See also:

• JANUARY

January 18or he was appointed Austrian See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy to the elector of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony . His two years' stay at the court of Dresden was mainly useful to him by bringing him into See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with the many See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian and See also:

• POLISH

Polish families of importance; his serious See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic career did not begin till his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment, in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1803, as ambassador at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . His instructions at the outset were to 1 The See also:

• FAMILY

family of Metternich, originally established in the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• JULICH
• JULICH (Fr. fullers)

Julich, can trace its descent to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . In 1637 they received from the archbishop of Trier the countships of Winneburg and Beilstein . These were confiscated in 1803, and the lands of the suppressed See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of Ochsenhausen, with the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of prince of the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, were granted by the See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict as See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation . The new principality was " mediatized " in 1806 in favour of See also:

• WURTTEMBERG

Wurttemberg; but in virtue of their See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure of it the descendants of Prince Metternich enjoy the privileges of mediatized princes . prevent See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia from joining the alliance of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia and Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain against the French See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic and to make himself agreeable to the representative of France; but shortly afterwards his part was exactly reversed, owing to the shifting of political forces which led to the war of the third See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition, and he laboured to secure the See also:

• ADHESION (from Lat. adhaerere, to adhere)

adhesion of Prussia to the alliance of Austria, Russia and Great Britain against See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon . His diplomacy was not successful; for though Prussia ultimately signed the treaty of the 5th of November 18o5 with Austria and Russia, the influence of the emperor See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander and the See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound given to her See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride by Napoleon's contemptuous violation of her territory had more to do with Prussia's decision than Metternich's veiled threats . His See also:

• REWARD

reward was the grand See also:

• CROSS

cross of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of St See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen and the appointment of ambassador at St Petersburg; but his See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission to make himself agreeable to the French ambassador at Berlin was carried out to such excellent effect that, as a result of M . Laforest's reports, Napoleon requested that he might be appointed to represent Austria at the Tuileries, and in August r8o6 Metternich took up his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence as ambassador in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . This was the beginning of his ever growing influence in European affairs . Established in the diplomatic See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of an " See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable See also:

• SPY
• SPY (from " to spy " or " espy"; 0. Fr. espie, espier, to spy, watch; cf. Ger. spdhen, Lat. specere, to look; the Fr. term " espionage "is of course from the same source)

spy " in the very. centre of Napoleon's power, he used his exceptional gifts of See also:

• FASCINATION (from Lat. fascinare, to bewitch, probably connected with the Or. f3ao-Kaiveev, to speak ill of, to bewitch)

fascination not only to become a persona grata at the Tuileries, but to establish relations with those elements in the society of the empire which were already intriguing against Napoleon's power .

His intimacy with Talley-See also:

• RAND

rand and with See also:

• CAROLINE
• CAROLINE (1683-1737)

Caroline See also:

• MURAT, JOACHIM (1767—1815)

Murat, Napoleon's See also:

• SISTER

sister, was destined to produce notable results later . Though on the look-out, however, for any See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of weakening the French emperor's power, Metternich was not at first sanguine of success, for he believed Napoleon to be invincible . For Austria the best policy seemed to him to be to temporize; he was willing, therefore, to co-operate with France in the agreement made between Napoleon and Alexander I. of Russia at See also:

• TILSIT

Tilsit for the See also:

• PARTITION

partition of the See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman Empire; failing the success of the efforts of Austrian diplomacy to break the Franco-Russian alliance, this would at least secure for the See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of the spoils . With the postponement of Napoleon's See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental schemes, however, the situation was once more changed . During the summer of 18o8 Metternich had reason to suspect fresh designs of the French emperor against Austria, -and his suspicions appeared to be confirmed when, during an interview on the 15th of August, Napoleon indulged in one of his violent tirades, denouncing Count See also:

• STADION, JOHANN PHILIPP KARL JOSEPH (1763—1824)

Stadion's action in strengthening the Austrian armaments . In November Metternich was at Vienna, urging the Austrian government to an early See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of war—for which the moment seemed to him opportune owing to the French losses in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, of which he had received exaggerated reports . On the 1st of January 1809 he was back in Paris, but no longer as a persona grata . At the outbreak of the war he was placed under See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest, in See also:

• RETALIATION

retaliation for the action of the Austrian government in interning two members of the French See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy in See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary; and in See also:

• JUNE

June, on Napoleon's See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of Vienna, he was conducted there under military guard . In See also:

• JULY

July he was exchanged at See also:

• KOMAROM (Ger., Komorn)

Komarom for the French diplomatists, and he was See also:

• PRESENT

present with the emperor Francis at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• WAGRAM (DEUTSCH-WAGRAM)

Wagram . At a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council held on the 7th of July it was decided, on Metternich's initiative, to open negotiations for See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace; next See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day Stadion tendered his resignation, which was provisionally accepted . Stadion was sent as diplomatic adviser to the headquarters of the See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

archduke See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles, while Metternich took his place at the emperor's See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . On the 4th of August Metternich was named minister of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and soon afterwards was sent with Count See also:

• NUGENT

Nugent to the peace See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference at See also:

• ALTENBURG

Altenburg, where Chamagny attended as Napoleon's representative .

The conference, however, dragged on without result, and the emperor Francis decided to open negotiations with Napoleon See also:

• DIRECT

direct . Count Bubna was accordingly sent to Schonbrunn; the result was the French See also:

• ULTIMATUM (from Lat. ultimus, last)

ultimatum which issued in the treaty of Schonbrunn (Vienna), signed by Prince See also:

• LIECHTENSTEIN

Liechtenstein on behalf of the emperor Francis on the 14th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 18og . With the negotiation and signature of this humiliatinginstrument Metternich therefore had nothing to do, though on the 8th of October he had been definitely appointed minister for See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs, an See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office he was destined to hold for nearly See also:

• FORTY

forty years . The position of the new minister was no easy one . By the treaty of Schonbrunn Austria was reduced to the position of a second-See also:

• RATE

rate power, and by See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret articles undertook during the continuance of the maritime war to limit her force of all arms to 150,000 men, and to dismiss from her service all See also:

• OFFICERS

officers or See also:

• CIVIL

civil officers born in the territories of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient France, See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont or the former Venetian republic . Weak as she had become, the menace of the future seemed even more disquieting . To the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south she was divided from the French dominions by the See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

Save; to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north the See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal states of France, traditionally her enemies, lay along the frontier; to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east was Russia, which as the reward for her alliance with Napoleon had received a portion. of East See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia as her share of the spoils, and to all See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance was firmly established in the Danubian principalities . Austria seemed hopelessly cut off by Napoleon from any chance of re-asserting her traditional preponderance in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, by Russia from any prospect of obtaining compensation at the expense of the Ottoman Empire . One false move on the part of those who guided its destinies, and the Habsburg monarchy might easily have ceased to exist altogether . The saving See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in the situation was the improbability of the alliance between Napoleon and Alexander continuing, and the immediate task of Metternich was to hasten its See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution, while securing Austria's safety in the East by bringing about the end of the Russo-See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish War . It was a task of extreme delicacy; for any See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation of its true tendency might have thrown the emperor Alexander into the arms of France and plunged Austria into an unequal struggle for life and See also:

• DEATH

death with Russia on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube . Metternich was helped by the rapid development of the causes of disagreement between the French and Russian emperors .

Early in 18ro See also:

• EUROPE

Europe was full of contradictory rumours of war between France and Russia, of a See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of Napoleon with a Russian grand duchess . Then suddenly came Napoleon's formal See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request for the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand of the Austrian archduchess See also:

• MARIE

Marie See also:

• LOUISE [AUGUSTE WILHELMINE AMALIE LUISE] (1776-1810)

Louise . A proposal so nicely calculated to forward Metternich's plans was suspected of being due to his See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration; certainly it was his influence that decided the emperor Francis to agree to an alliance which could not but be distasteful to him and was resented as a crowning humiliation by the proud aristocrats of Vienna . On the 13th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1810 Metternich left Vienna for Paris in See also:

• COMPANY

company with the archduchess . His See also:

• OBJECT

object was to use so favourable an occasion for obtaining the See also:

• ABROGATION (Lat. abrogare, to repeal or annul a law; rogare, literally " to ask," to propose a law)

abrogation of some of the more onerous articles of the treaty of Schonbrunn, and for coming to some arrangement whereby the serious inconvenience caused in Austria by Napoleon's See also:

• COERCION (from Lat. coercere, to restrain)
• COERCION, CONTRACT

coercion of the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope might be obviated . His diplomacy, however, met with but slight success . His efforts to persuade See also:

• PIUS

Pius VII. to See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase a measure of See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of action by concessions to Napoleon See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke down on the See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle old See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's refusal to See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic with his principles . From Napoleon he extracted a lame See also:

• APOLOGY (from Gr. &aoXoyia, defence)

apology for the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of Andreas See also:

• HOFER, ANDREAS (1767-181o)

Hofer, the reversal of a few sequestrations and, as a crowning See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace, the abrogation of the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of the Schonbrunn treaty limiting Austrian armaments . In the See also:

• MATTER

matter of restoring the See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access of Austria to the Adriatic, Napoleon would make no concession; his See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to Metternich's representations was only a commercial treaty which failed to obtain ratification at Vienna . Anything further, e.g. an See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange of the Illyrian provinces for Galicia, must depend on the attitude of Austria irr the forthcoming Russian war which, in an interview of the zoth of September,, Napoleon declared to be now inevitable . On the loth of October Metternich was back in Vienna, where his presence was urgently needed . The policy of a Franco-Austrian entente was popular with the public and the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, resentful of the treacherous attitude of Russia in the See also:

• LATE

late war, but in the powerful circlesof the court it had scarce an adherent .

Prince Metternich himself, who had acted as foreign secretary during his son's See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence, favoured an understanding with Russia, and was even believed to be intriguing to retain the See also:

• PORTFOLIO (shortened form of Porto folio, adapted from the Ital. portafogli, portare, to carry, and fogli, sheets or leaves of paper, Lat. folium, leaf)

portfolio of foreign affairs, which would have meant the victory of the Russian party . On the other hand, the French party were clamouring for the speedy conclusion of a .definite alliance with Napoleon . By an admirably clear expose of the situation Metternich won over the emperor Francis to that middle course, the policy of armed abstention, which was to be the basic principle of his diplomatic action during the crisis of the coming years . An alliance with Russia, he argued, would be worse than useless; Austria would at any time obtain better terms from the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar's growing needs . An alliance with France would be one with " a power whose exclusive object is the destruction of the old order of things, which has hitherto found its See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence in Austria." Alone of European See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

Powers Austria still had the possibility of choice; let her See also:

• WORK

work for the preservation of peace and at the same time remain See also:

• FREE

free, should war break out, to make her own terms . It would little serve Austria's interests to become the ally of Russia, merely to serve as a barrier behind which the emperor Alexander could carry out his designs on See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey in safety . In an interview with Count See also:

• SHUVALOV (sometimes written SCHOUVALOFF), PETER ANDREIVICH, COUNT (1827–1889)

Shuvalov, the Russian See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent, Metternich roundly declared that the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of the integrity of Turkey was for Austria the question of supreme See also:

• INTEREST

interest . With the approach of the Russo-French War the situation became increasingly difficult . The partisans of a Russian alliance remained powerful and clamorous; but Metternich did not share the doubts as to the outcome of Napoleon's invasion of Russia, which he believed would leave Austria, if she remained neutral, isolated amid a huge European See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation . To him the only safe course seemed to be to offer the French emperor substantial assistance, stipulating for some quid See also:

• PRO

pro quo in the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement to follow the war . The emperor Francis shared this view; and on the 14th of March a treaty of alliance was signed by which Austria agreed to support the French army with an army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps of 30,000 men operating from Galicia . This treaty was ratified at Vienna on the 25th of March, the day of Napoleon's passage of the Niemen .

It was characteristic of Metternich's diplomacy that the Austrian generals in Galicia were ordered to act only on the defensive, and that the court of St Petersburg was informed that Austria would only take part in the war as a See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal should Russia force her to do so . This cautious attitude was soon justified by the astounding developments of the See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign . When the full extent of the See also:

• CATASTROPHE (Gr. Karaurpoch, from KaraQrp4ecv, to over-turn)

catastrophe that had overwhelmed Napoleon's army became known, Metternich realized the advantageous position in which Austria lay for exploiting the changed situation . His first See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea was that France should commission Austria to mediate a peace in Russia and in England (Despatch of See also:

• OTTO

Otto, November ro); but, as affairs See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, this was replaced by the policy of temporizing until Austria should be in a position to intervene with decisive effect . Napoleon's demand that Austria should raise her contingent from 30,000 to 100,000 men was, indeed, from Metternich's point of view doubly opportune: for it enabled him quietly to assume that the treaty of the 14th of March, which stipulated only for an " alliance limitee," had been abrogated by Napoleon's own act; that Austria had reverted to a position of See also:

• NEUTRALITY

neutrality; and that, should- she take part in the war, it would no longer be in a subordinate character but as a principal . "Le passage de la neutrality a la guerre," said Metternich to the emperor Francis, " ne sera possible que See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par la See also:

• MEDIATION (Lat. medius, middle)

mediation armee "; which meant in effect that Austria required time to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete her armaments . To gain this time See also:

• WASH, THE

wash during the See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks that followed, the object of his diplomacy . For this purpose he encouraged Napoleon to believe that Austria was prepared for a settlement on terms very favourable to the French emperor; with the result that Napoleon, though he would not hear of a " mediation," not only consented to, but pressed for, Austrian "intervention" (entremise) . But Metternich had made up his mind that the only chance tof an effective restoration of the Habsburg influence in Europe lay in using this opportunity for destroying or limiting Napoleon's power,and he had already opened negotiations with the allied courts, with a view to enforcing a See also:

• COMMON

common agreement as to a basis of peace, when the indecisive battle of See also:

• LUTZEN

Lutzen (May 2) gave him the opportunity of making his policy of mediation effective . Count Stadion was now sent to the emperor Alexander to lay before him the terms on which Austria was prepared to mediate; he was also to " agree to the bases of an active military co-operation on our part, in the event of the non-success of our efforts on behalf of peace." On the loth of March Napoleon gained another indecisive victory at See also:

• BAUTZEN (Wendish Budissin, " town ")

Bautzen, which still further' strengthened Metternich's position; for Napoleon allowed him-self to be persuaded into See also:

• SIGNING

signing the ill-omened See also:

• ARMISTICE (from Lat. arma, arms, and sistere, to stop)

armistice of Pleiswitz (Poischwitz), on the 4th of June, and to become en-tangled in the insincere negotiations of the congress of See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague . Austria thus had time to complete her armaments . Meanwhile, on the 14th and 15th of June, were signed at See also:

• REICHENBACH
• REICHENBACH, GEORG VON (1772–1826)

Reichenbach the See also:

• TREATIES

treaties of alliance between Great Britain, Russia and Prussia, by which the signatory Powers agreed neither to negotiate nor to conclude treaty or truce with Napoleon except by common consent .

In an interview with the emperor Alexander, Metternich now presented the terms which he proposed to offer to Napoleon, and on this basis a treaty between Austria, Russia and Prussia was agreed to, Austria contracting to put 150,000 men into the field, should Napoleon reject the ultimatum, and not to make peace without the consent of Russia and Prussia—which in effect involved that of Great Britain also . Before this second treaty of Reichenbach was signed (June 27), Metternich went on See also:

• MARET

Maret's invitation to Dresden, where on the 26th he had the famous interview with Napoleon . The whole See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene was on his part a masterpiece of Machiavellian diplomacy . The terms he offered to the emperor were so favourable that he has been denounced by every Prussian historian since as the enemy of Germany; while French historians have enlarged on Napoleon's infatuation in rejecting them . In spite of the fact that the draft of the treaty of Reichenbach was in his See also:

• POCKET

pocket, he posed as the impartial " mediator," with a leaning in favour of Napoleon, assuring the emperor " on his See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour as a German count " that Austria was still " free from all engagements," which was true only in so far as the treaty was not signed till the next day . Metternich's object was, in fact, only to gain an See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the armistice till the loth of August, on which date See also:

• SCHWARZENBERG
• SCHWARZENBERG, KARL PHILIPP, PRINCE ZU (1771-1820)

Schwarzenberg had declared that he would be ready to take the offensive . As for the terms offered to Napoleon his See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of them need not hamper the plans of the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

Allies; for the consent of Great Britain would have to be obtained, and, moreover, Napoleon was sure before long to provide an excuse for a fresh See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)