JOHANN See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

DAVID See also:

• JOHANN DAVID MICHAELIS (1717-1791)

MICHAELIS (1717-1791)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German biblical See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar and teacher, a member of a See also:

• FAMILY

family which had the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• PART

part in maintaining that solid discipline in See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew and the cognate See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages which distinguished the university of See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle in the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• PIETISM

Pietism . Johann Heinrich See also:

• MICHAELIS, JOHANN DAVID (1717-1791)

Michaelis (1668–1738) was the chief director of A . H . See also:

• FRANCKE, AUGUST HERMANN (1663-1727)

Francke's Collegium orientale theologicum, a See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical school of biblical and See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology then quite unique, and the author of an annotated Hebrew See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible and various exegetical See also:

• WORKS

works of reputation, especially the Adnotationes uberiores in hagiographos (1720) . In his chief publications J . H . Michaelis had as See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-worker his See also:

• SISTER

sister's son See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian Benedikt Michaelis (168o–1764), the See also:

• FATHER

father of Johann See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David, who was likewise influential as See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor at Halle, and a See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound scholar, especially in See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac . J . D . Michaelis was trained for academical See also:

• LIFE

life under his father's See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye . At Halle he was influenced, especially in See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, by Sigmund J . See also:

• BAUMGARTEN, ALEXANDER GOTTLIEB (1714-1762)
• BAUMGARTEN, MICHAEL (1812-1889)

Baumgarten (1706–1757), the See also:

• LINK

link between the old Pietism and J .

S . See also:

• SEMLER, JOHANN SALOMO (1725-179I)

Semler, while he cultivated his strong See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for See also:

• HISTORY

history under See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

Chancellor See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

Ludwig . In 1739–1740 he qualified as university lecturer . One of his See also:

• DISSERTATIONS

dissertations was a See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the antiquity and divine authority of the vowel-points in Hebrew . His scholarship still moved in the old traditional lines, and he was also much exercised by religious scruples, the conflict of an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent mind with that submission to authority at the expense of See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason encouraged by the Lutheranism in which he had been trained . A visit to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in 1741–1742 lifted him out of the narrow groove of his earlier See also:

• EDUCATION

education . In passing through See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland he made the acquaintance of See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert See also:

• SCHULTENS

Schultens (1686–1750), whose See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on his philological views became all-powerful a few years later . At Halle Michaelis See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt himself out of See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, and in 1745 he gladly accepted an invitation to See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen as privatdozent . In 1746 he became professor extraordinarius, in 1750 ordinarius, and in Gottingen he remained till his See also:

• DEATH

death in 1791 . His See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect was active in many directions; universal learning indeed was perhaps one of his foibles . Literature—See also:

• MODERN

modern as well as See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient—occupied his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention; one of his works was a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of four parts of Clarissa; and See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of some of the then current See also:

• ENGLISH

English paraphrases on biblical books manifested his sympathy with a school which, if not very learned, attracted him by its freer See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air . His oriental studies were reshaped by diligent perusal of the works of Schultens; for the Halle school, with all its learning, had no conception of the principles on which a fruitful connexion between Biblical and Oriental learning could be established .

His linguistic See also:

• WORK

work indeed was always hampered by the lack of See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript material, which is felt in his philological writings, e.g. in his valuable Supplementa to the Hebrew lexicons (1784–1792).1 He could not become such an Arabist as J . J . See also:

• REISKE, JOHANN JACOB (1716-1774)

Reiske (1716–1774); and, though for many years the most famous teacher of Semitic languages in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, he had little of the higher philological See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty, and neither his grammatical nor his See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical work has See also:

• LEFT

left a permanent See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark, with the exception perhaps of his See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-critical studies on the Peshitta.2 His tastes were all for such studies as history, antiquities, and especially See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography and natural See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . He had in fact started his university course as a medicinae cultor, and in his autobiography he See also:

• HALF

half regrets that he did not choose the medical profession . In geography he found a See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field hardly touched since See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• BOCHART, SAMUEL (1599-1667)

Bochart, in whose footsteps he followed in the Spicilegium geographiae hebraeorum exterae See also:

• POST

post Bochartum (1769–1780); and to his impulse we owe the famous Eastern expedition conducted by Carsten See also:

• NIEBUHR, BARTHOLD GEORG (1776–1831)
• NIEBUHR, KARSTEN (1733-1815)

Niebuhr . In spite of his doctrinal writings—which at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time made no little See also:

• NOISE (a word of doubtful origin; O. Fr. nogse or nose; Prov. nausa, which points to Lat. nausea, sickness, as the origin; others take Lat. noxia, harm, as the source)

noise, so that his Compendium of Dogmatic (176o) was confiscated in See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, and the See also:

• KNIGHTHOOD

knighthood of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• STAR

Star was afterwards given him in reparation—it was the natural See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Bible that really attracted him, and no See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man did more to introduce the modern method of studying Hebrew antiquity as an integral part of ancient Eastern life . The See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of Michaelis can be read between the lines i By a See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war it was the occupation of Gottingen by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French in the Seven Years' War, and the friendly relations he formed with the See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, that procured him the See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris MS. from which he edited See also:

• ABULFEDA [Abu l-Fida' Ismail ibn 'Ali 'Imad-ud-Dni] (1273-1331)

Abulfeda's description of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . 2 Curae in actus apostolorum syriacos (1755).of his autobiography with the aid of the other materials collected by J . M . Hassencamp (174 -1797) the editor (J . D . Michaelis Lebensbeschreibung, &c., 1793) .

The same See also:

• VOLUME

volume contains a full See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of his works . Besides those already mentioned it is sufficient to refer to his New Testament Introduction (the first edition, 1750, preceded the full development of his See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, and is a very different See also:

• BOOK

book from the later See also:

• EDITIONS

editions), his reprint of See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• LOWTH, ROBERT (1710-1787)

Lowth's Praelec-Hones with important additions (1758–1762), his German translation of the Bible with notes (1773–1792), his Orientalische and exegetische Bibliothek (1775–1785) and Neue O. and E . Bib . (1786–1791), his Mosaisches Recht (1770–1771) and his edition of E . See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle's See also:

• LEXICON

Lexicon syriacum (1787–1788) . His Litterarischer Briefwechsel (1794–1796) contains much that is interesting for the history of learning in his time .