See also:

• MICROTOMY (Gr. -mµ17; r ivsu', to cut)

MICROTOMY (Gr. -mµ17; r ivsu', to cut)  , the See also:

• TERM

term applied to the preparation of See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute sections of organic See also:

• TISSUE (Fr. tissu, tissue, participle of tisser, Lat. texere, to weave)

tissue for the See also:

• MICROSCOPE (Gr. µucp6s, small, asenreiv, to %view)

microscope . In 1875 the methods were yet in their See also:

• INFANCY

infancy; their development has enabled observers to achieve the most exact study of minute See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy, in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of small See also:

• OBJECTS

objects, which without these methods could only be investigated by the unsatisfactory See also:

• PROCESS

process of focusing with the microscope through the solid See also:

• OBJECT

object . It is not necessary here to detail at length the wet method of preparing sections . Briefly, the tissue is soaked in a See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum, or of gum and See also:

• SYRUP (0. Fr. ysserop, mod. sirop, Span. xarope, for axarope, Arab. al, the, and sharab, drink; cf. Sherbet " and " Shrub ")

syrup, and after being frozen by See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether spray, or by a mixture of See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice and See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, is cut into sections either by the See also:

• RUTHERFORD, MARK
• RUTHERFORD, WILLIAM GUNION (1853–1907)

Rutherford, See also:

• CATHCART
• CATHCART, SIR GEORGE (1794-1854)
• CATHCART, WILLIAM SCHAW CATHCART

Cathcart or some similar See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section-cutter, or by apparatus which can be fitted to the more See also:

• MODERN

modern types of microtome referred to below . This method, which is to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day used mainly by pathologists, has two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main disadvantages: the prolonged See also:

• ACTION

action of watery fluids on the tissues, and the impossibility of getting See also:

• RIBBONS

ribbons, each section having to be picked up separately . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general processes of the dry method employed in zoological and botanical See also:

• MICROTOMY (Gr. -mµ17; r ivsu', to cut)

microtomy are, up to a certain point, practically identified with those used for the preservation of animals and their tissues for other branches of microscopic See also:

• WORK

work . In the first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place the tissues must be killed; in the second, they must be fixed, i.e. the See also:

• PROTOPLASM

protoplasm must be set or coagulated as far as possible in the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition in which it appears in See also:

• LIFE

life; and in the third, they must be hardened, i.e. in most cases dehydrated . Killing may be effected by asphyxiation or narcotization (See also:

• NICOTINE, C10H

nicotine, See also:

• COCAINE, C17H21NO4

cocaine, See also:

• CHLORAL

chloral See also:

• HYDRATE

hydrate, &c.) in See also:

• SPECIAL

special cases, but is generally achieved by fixing reagents, of which corrosive sublimate and other chlorides, picric, acetic, osmic and chromic acids, alone or in See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination, chromates and strong alcohol407 are the most usual . These serve to a See also:

• GREAT

great extent also as hardening agents, but See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol, used after them, completes this process effectively, and when not too strong (7o%) is the best storage fluid . The second set of processes relates to the staining, without which transparent sections are almost invisible . The stains are divisible into general stains, which dye the tissue practically uniformly and indifferently; and selective stains, which have See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity for special tissues or See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell elements . Of the latter See also:

• GROUP

group some fasten on nuclei, others only on the chromatin of the nuclei; some on connective tissues, others on muscle See also:

• FIBRES
• FIBRES (or FIBERS, in American spelling; from Lat. fibra, apparently connected either with filum, thread, or findere, to split)

fibres and so on .

It is probable that the action of all these selective stains is produced by definite chemical combination with compounds originally See also:

• PRESENT

present in, generated in, or introduced into the tissue selected . The most generally useful stains for See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary work belong either to the See also:

• COCHINEAL

cochineal See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series (See also:

• BORAX (sodium pyroborate or sodium biborate)

borax-See also:

• CARMINE

carmine, carmalum, &c.), or to the See also:

• DOGWOOD (i.e. wood of the dog-tree; referred by the New English Dictionary to " dog," apparently as indicating inferiority; but by others connected with " (lag," " dagger," and by Prior with A.S. dolt, a brooch-pin)

dogwood series (haematoxylin, haemalum, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron haematoxylin, &c.); in both of these great improvements have been introduced of See also:

• LATE

late years by Dr See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul See also:

• MAYER, JOHANN TOBIAS (1723-1762)
• MAYER, JULIUS ROBERT (1814-1878)

Mayer . The activity of these stains apparently depends upon the presence of alumina or of some similar See also:

• BASE

base . For more special researches, such as See also:

• CYTOLOGY (from huros, a hollow vessel, and X6yos, science)

cytology, See also:

• NEUROPATHOLOGY

neuropathology, neurohistology, and so forth, greater dependence is placed on the See also:

• COAL

coal-See also:

• TAR

tar See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, the name of which is See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

legion . Some of these, such as See also:

• SAFRANINE

safranine or See also:

• GENTIAN

gentian See also:

• VIOLET

violet, are regressive stains; that is to say, the tissues are overstained uniformly, and the superfluous colouring See also:

• MATTER

matter washed out either by alcohol or by weak hydrochloric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid from the unselected parts . Others, such as methyl See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green, are progressive—that is, the See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour is brought up to the See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch required and the reaction promptly stopped . The coal-tar stains can be used singly, or in combinations of two or three . Some of the best, unfortunately, are not permanent . A third group of stains is furnished by such reagents as See also:

• SILVER

silver nitrate, See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold chloride, and the like (impregnation stains), which can be made not only to stain, but also to See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit a See also:

• FINE

fine metallic precipitate on certain structures . In the case of small and delicate objects, the staining is done in the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass before any further preparation for sections, but with larger animals, or large pieces of resistant tissue, the stain is applied to the sections only . The processes so far mentioned are applicable to many branches of microscopic work . When preparing tissues for sections the first step is See also:

• COMPLETE

complete dehydration, generally effected by bringing the object into See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute alcohol .

It is then transferred to one of a group of reagents, which are miscible with absolute alcohol, but would See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form an emulsion with See also:

• WATER

water, and are solvents of the embedding See also:

• MEDIUM

medium . The embedding mass in most general use is See also:

• PARAFFIN

paraffin See also:

• WAX

wax, melting at a temperature of 540 to 6o° C., according to the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the object and the thickness of section required . The object is transferred from absolute alcohol to benzol, See also:

• CHLOROFORM (trichlor-methane), CHC13

chloroform, See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar oil, or similar fluid to the melted paraffin; the fluid diffuses and evaporates, leaving the tissues to be completely permeated by the paraffin . This process can be greatly hastened by the use of a partial vacuum . When impregnation is complete the paraffin is cooled rapidly, so as to assume a homogeneous non-crystalline condition, and the tissue thus comes to form See also:

• PART

part of a See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block of soft but tenacious material, which protects it from damage by See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air or See also:

• DAMP

damp, and can be readily cut by a See also:

• RAZOR (O.F. razor, mod. rasoir, from racer, to scrape, rase, Late Lat. rasare, frequentative of radere, to scrape)

razor . The block is then trimmed to the form of a triangle or rectangle, and fixed by a clamp or by See also:

• LOCAL

local melting in the holder of the microtome . The first automatic microtome suitable for cutting a block of tissue into a continuous series of sections was made in 1883 in the university workshops of See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, from a See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design by W . H . Caldwell and R . Threlfall . Only a single See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine was made, but in 1884 twelve See also:

• MACHINES

machines were made by the Cambridge Scientific See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

Instrument See also:

• COMPANY

Company from a design by Caldwell . Since then numerous excellent and simpler forms of microtome have been evolved .

Some of these have distinct advantages over others, but with microtomes as with other tools—the success of the results depends very largely on the manipulator, for every one See also:

• WORKS

works best with his accustomed instrument . In one type of microtome the razor is attached at one end only to a heavy 408 block, sliding backwards and forwards in a See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal V-groove; the paraffin block is fed to this either up a See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide (Schanze, Reichert, &c.) or up an inclined See also:

• PLANE

plane (See also:

• THOMA, HANS (1839- )

Thoma-See also:

• JUNG, JOHANN HEINRICH (1740-1817)

Jung) . In another type the razor is firmly clamped at both ends, to diminish vibration, and the paraffin block advances to it at the end of a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• LEVER (through O. Fr. leveour, levere, mod. levier, from Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVER, CHARLES JAMES (1806-1872)

lever on trunnion See also:

• BEARINGS

bearings (Cambridge rocker) or up a vertical guide (See also:

• MINOT, LAURENCE (fl. 1333—1352)

Minot types) . In the selection of a microtome, apart from its steadiness, rigidity, accuracy of workmanship, and so forth, it must be See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne in mind that, in general, simplicity of working parts means longer life, and that an elaborate " automatic " mechanism, by which a single See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement is translated into several in different directions, not only complicates the machine, but robs the operator of those alterations of See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

pace, rigidity, pressure, &c., which are often necessitated by the varying texture in different parts of the object cut . For general use by less skilful students in a laboratory, See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price, simplicity and rapidity of work recommend the rocking microtome of the Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company, but it tends to fail at large or hard objects . For the all-See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round 'work of an investigator, its simplicity and finish have made Jung's sliding microtome with the See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples improvements deservedly popular for many years; it can be fitted with special apparatus for cutting celloidin and frozen objects, and it can be relied upon to cut any tissue, however difficult; but it cannot be worked as rapidly as some others, nor produce long ribbons of large objects . For this latter purpose the Minot-See also:

• BECKER, HEINRICH (1770-1822)
• BECKER, WILHELM ADOLF (1796—1846)

Becker, Minot-See also:

• ZIMMERMANN, JOHANN GEORG, RITTER VON

Zimmermann and See also:

• REINHOLD, KARL LEONHARD (1758-1823)

Reinhold-Gilltay have been strongly recommended; these, however, are all of more complicated construction, with corresponding liability to uneven See also:

• WEAR

wear and damage; they are highly " automatic," leaving nothing but pace under See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the operator, and they are (particularly the last) expensive . [In 1910 the Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company issued a new microtome designed primarily for cutting larger sections than was possible in their earlier forms, which respectively dealt with sections 12 X20 mm. and 30 mm. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter; the new instrument cuts sections measuring 150X120 mm . (6X41 in.) embedded in paraffin or celloidin and of a thickness varying from 0.002 to o•o6 mm., each See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale being equal to 0.002' mm. and the See also:

• TOTAL

total distance of automatic feed being 21 mm . The construction and action of the instrument can be understood by referring to the figure; a detailed description is given, since the same principles are utilized to a greater or less extent in all sliding microtomes . Large Sliding Microtome . The object to be cut, having been embedded in a suitable preparation A, is fixed to a wooden block which is attached by clamps to the object-holder B .

The object-holder is provided with mechanism by means of which the height of the block is determined; this is effected by mounting the holder in a See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup-shaped socket at the extremity of a See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar E, which can be raised or lowered and fixed in any position by a clamp . In addition, the direction in which a section is cut can be varied by adjusting the four screws,one of which is shown at C, which orientate the block . The object-holder and feeding mechanism are carried on a sliding See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage which rests at three points on two guides in the See also:

• FRAME

frame N, NI of the instrument; and in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to secure easy See also:

• RUNNING

running the necessary See also:

• LUBRICATION

lubrication of the bearing surfaces is provided for by a groove in which oil is placed . The See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion of the carriage in either direction is effected by the handle G, connected to a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of levers H, which, being constructed on geometrical principles, prevent any See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side-See also:

• PLAY

play and ensure a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform motion . The arrangement for determining the thickness of the section cut consists of a stop-See also:

• PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

pin, which, operating through the ratchet M, causes a toothed See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel to revolve, which in turn raises the pillar K; the amount of the motion can be read off by an See also:

• INDEX

index . On the return stroke of the sliding carriage the stop-pin is again actuated in such a manner that just before the See also:

• KNIFE (0. E. cuff, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. knijf, Ger. Kneif, a shoe-maker's knife, Swed. knif; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of " nip," formerly " knip "; Fr. canif is a

knife R reaches the object-holder the mechanism depresses this part of the instrument so that the knife is not fouled; and after its passage the object-holder is raised to the position appropriate for taking the next section . The knife R is rigidly set in two heavy brass clamps adjustable by the screws S, and these clamps are attached to the frame of the instrument by the screws T . The See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle which the cutting edge makes with the frame is also adjustable, and by means of a small angular scale engraved on the knife-holders any setting can be easily determined or repeated . The knife is See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat on one side and hollow-ground on the other . In using the microtome it is essential that the cutting edge of the knife points towards the end of the instrument where the handle is placed; the hollow-ground See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face should be uppermost, and the flat See also:

• SURFACE

surface should not be exactly horizontal but slightly inclined so that the See also:

• LOWER

lower facet of the cutting edge is parallel to the frame . As to the relation of the position of the knife to the direction of motion, it is the usual practice, when paraffin sections are to be taken, to have the cutting edge at right angles to the motion; when, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, celloidin preparations are being cut, the knife must be. set obliquely across the frame, an angle of 30° being convenient . This oblique setting is also recommended for paraffin sections .

In addition it must be remembered that celloidin preparations always require lubricating when being cut, and it is also necessary to keep both the knife and the preparation constantly moistened with either 8o% alcohol or with cedar-See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood oil.] The sections, when cut by the microtome with the knife straight and the two sides of the rectangular paraffin block parallel to it, in most cases can begot off in a continuous ribbon, each sticking to its predecessor . This very desirable result generally can be insured by a coating of softer paraffin; but if the object be large, or brittle, or of varying texture, it is safer to cut the sections singly from a triangular block with an oblique knife . The sections or ribbon are often not quite flat, but rolled, creased or compressed; they must be flattened before being attached to the slide . It is possible to carry out these two processes simultaneously by covering the carefully cleaned slide with plenty of a very dilute solution of Mayer's glycerine and albumen, and laying the sections on the fluid and the slide on a hot-See also:

• PLATE

plate; as the water becomes warm the sections flatten out, and as it evaporates they See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle down on the slide, and are held there by the albumen (many other methods are in use) . The slide is then warmed to melt the paraffin, and plunged into benzol, or some similar fluid, which removes the paraffin; thence into absolute alcohol, which de-hydrates and coagulates the albumen . If the tissue has not been stained en bloc the sections can now be stained on the slide . After staining they are fully dehydrated, rendered transparent by oil of See also:

• CLOVES

cloves, and mounted in xylol-See also:

• DAMMAR, or DAMMER (Hind. damar=resin, pitch)

dammar or See also:

• CANADA

Canada See also:

• BALSAM (from Gr. f &X raµov, through Lat. balsamum, contracted by popular use to O. Fr. basme, mod. Fr. bdme; Eng. balm)

balsam . W . Giesbrecht was the first to See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix sections on the slide, using a solution of shellac in creasote in 1881; and also in the same See also:

• YEAR

year and in the laboratory of the Naples See also:

• AQUARIUM (plural aquaria)

aquarium, W . H . Caldwell first cut and fixed ribbons of sections . For ordinary work the paraffin method excels all others for rapidity, certainty and cleanliness; but for large and hard objects, or crumbling tissues (such as ova with a large quantity of yolk), some manipulators prefer to embed in celloidin .

By this method, after dehydration, the tissue is soaked in a mixture of absolute alcohol and ether; thence transferred either to increasingly strong solutions of celloidin in the same mixture or to a thin solution which is then boiled down till, strong . The celloidin mass is then hardened: at first, if necessary, by drying; afterwards by a See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath of chloroform or its vapour . It can then be cut in the microtome, either wet, or (if previously cleaned with cedar oil) dry like a paraffin block . The method is more tedious and more messy than the paraffin process; but amongst its advantages must be reckoned that little or no See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat is required, and that the embedding mass is transparent, though it does not allow of such thin sections as paraffin . The above accounts present an outline of the complex processes employed to-day, by which, on the one hand, sections 30 p. in thickness may be made through the entire human See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain; and, on the other, organisms invisible to the naked See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye may be cut into a long ribbon of consecutive sections 1 is (one-thousandth of a millimetre) thick, every minutest fragment being retained in its proper place . The See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard See also:

• BOOK

book on the subject is Bolles See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

Lee's Microtomist's vade-mecum . Other works are G . See also:

• MANN, HORACE (1796-1859)

Mann, Methods and Theory of Physiological See also:

• HISTOLOGY
• HISTOLOGY (Gr. Ler6c, web, tissue, properly the web-beam of the loom, from iQravai, to make to stand)

Histology (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1902), and A . Flatters, Methods in Microscopical See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

Research (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1905) . (G . H .