MIDDLESBROUGH  , a municipal, See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county and See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough and seaport in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• RIDING

Riding of See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, 2382 M . N. by W. from See also:

• LONDON

London, on the North Eastern railway . Pop . (1891), 75,532; (1901), 91,302 . It lies on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• TEES

Tees, 5 M. from its mouth in the North See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, and is the centre of one of the most important See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-working districts in the See also:

• WORLD

world . It is wholly of See also:

• MODERN

modern growth, having been incorporated in 1853 . Its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief buildings are a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• TOWN

town-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall with lofty See also:

• CLOCK

clock-See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower and See also:

• SPIRE

spire (1889), containing the municipal offices, See also:

• FREE

free library, &c.; the See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange, county See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, Dorman memorial museum and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral . Besides iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel See also:

• WORKS

works, the first of which was that of Messrs Bolckow, See also:

• VAUGHAN, CHARLES JOHN (1816-1897)
• VAUGHAN, HENRY (1622-1695)
• VAUGHAN, HERBERT (1832-1903)
• VAUGHAN, THOMAS (1622-1666)
• VAUGHAN, WILLIAM (1577-1641)

Vaughan & Co., there are See also:

• ROLLING

rolling-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube works, See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire-mills, See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering works, oil works, chemical works, See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt works and a considerable See also:

• SHIP

ship-See also:

• BUILDING

building See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . The See also:

• DISTRICT

district abounds in blast furnaces . The docks are accessible to large vessels, the entrance having a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of 32 ft . Extensive dredging operations are carried on in the See also:

• RIVER

river . The See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation for See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping includes two graving docks, two patent slips, &c .

The entrance to the river is protected by two breakwaters named respectively the North Gare and South Gare . The furnaces within the See also:

• PORT

port produce some 2,500,000 tons of See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig iron annually . Middlesbrough is the seat of a Roman Catholic See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop . The parliamentary borough falling within the See also:

• CLEVELAND
• CLEVELAND (or CLEIVELAND), JOHN (1613—1658)
• CLEVELAND, BARBARA VILLIERS, DUCHESS OF (1641-1709)
• CLEVELAND, STEPHEN GROVER (1837-1908)

Cleveland See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the county, returns one member . The county borough was created in 1888 . The town is governed by a See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor, ten aldermen and See also:

• THIRTY

thirty councillors . See also:

• AREA

Area, 2823 acres . The earlier See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place is meagre . Where Middlesbrough now stands there were at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time a small See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel and priory founded by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert de Brus of See also:

• SKELTON, JOHN (c. 1460-1529)

Skelton See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle . These were dedicated to St See also:

• HILDA, ST

Hilda, and with some lands were given by de Brus to the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of St Hilda at See also:

• WHITBY

Whitby in 113o . The priory See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into ruins at the time of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation, and no trace now remains beyond some stones built into the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of a brewery . The See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

Oak See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

Chair in the town-hall also is made from a fragment .

In 18or there were upon the site of Middlesbrough only four See also:

• FARM

farm-houses . In 1829 a See also:

• COMPANY

company styling itself the Middlesbrough Owners bought 500 acres of See also:

• LAND

land, and began building in the town . In 183o the See also:

• STOCKTON
• STOCKTON, FRANCIS RICHARD (1834–1902)

Stockton & See also:

• DARLINGTON

Darlington railway was extended to Middlesbrough; four years later the town was lighted with See also:

• GAS

gas; and after six years more a public See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market was established . The See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census of 1831 showed the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population to be 154; that of 1841 showed 5709 . In 1842 the opening of the docks gave additional importance to the town . From the See also:

• YEAR

year 1851, when See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Vaughan discovered the presence of ironstone in the See also:

• ESTON

Eston hills, the town advanced rapidly .