See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles, soldier, militia, military service)  , a See also:

• TERM

term used generally for organized military forces which are not professional in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and not permanently embodied . All See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient armies, with the exception of the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards of their leaders, were militias or See also:

• NATIONAL

national levies, remaining under arms for the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war or the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign and returning to their See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary occupations at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of each military See also:

• EPISODE

episode . Militias such as those of the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city-states and that of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome were of course highly trained to the use of arms; so were the See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian " nations in arms "; which overcame the professionalized See also:

• ROMAN

Roman armies of the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire; and although in the Eastern Empire these new fighting elements were absorbed into a fully organized See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm, in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West the tribal See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia See also:

• SYSTEM

system gradually See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed into See also:

• FEUDALISM
• FEUDALISM (from Late Lat. feodum or feudum, a fee or fiel; see FEE)

feudalism . The See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble and the See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight indeed spent the greater See also:

• PART

part of their lives in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field and devoted themselves from their youth to the cult of arms, but the feudal tenantry, who were See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to give See also:

• FORTY

forty days' war service and no more, and the burghers who, somewhat later in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization, formed the efficient garrisons of the walled towns were true militias . The See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• YEOMANRY

Yeomanry indeed almost ruled the battlefield . In the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the introduction of firearms began to weigh down the See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance in favour of the professional soldier . See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

Artillery was always the arm of the specialist . The development of See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry, " See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power," with the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• ARQUEBUS (also called harquebus, hackbut, &c.)

arquebus and See also:

• MUSKET (Fr. mousquet, Ger. Muskete, &c.)

musket, called for the highest skill and steadiness in the individual soldier, and See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry too adopted the new weapon in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and expensive See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel-See also:

• LOCK (from the O. Eng. loc.; the word appears, in different forms, in many Teutonic languages, but with such various meanings as " hole," Ger. Loch, " lid," Swed. lock, &c.; probably the original was a root meaning " to enclose ")
• LOCK, MATTHIAS

lock pistols . In the new military organization there was no See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place for the unprofessional soldier . The role of the unprofessional combatant, generally speaking, was that of an insurgent—harassing small detachments of the enemy, cutting off stragglers, and plundering convoys . Towards the end of the first See also:

• CIVIL

civil war in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England (1645) the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country-folk banded themselves together to impose a See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace on the two warring armies, but their menace was without effect, and they were easily disarmed by See also:

• FAIRFAX, EDWARD (c. 1580-1635)

Fairfax and See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell, who did not even trouble to hold them as prisoners .