See also:

• MILLENNIUM (a pseudo-Latin word formed on the analogy of biennium, triennium, from Lat. milk, a thousand, and armies, year)

MILLENNIUM (a pseudo-Latin word formed on the See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy of biennium, triennium, from See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk, a thousand, and armies, See also:

• YEAR

year)  , literally a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of a thousand years . The See also:

• TERM

term is specially used of the period of r000 years during which See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ,as has been believed, would return to govern the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person . Hence it is used to describe a vague See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in the future when all flaws in human existence will have vanished; and perfect goodness and happiness will prevail . The attribution of a mystic significance to the See also:

• MILLENNIUM (a pseudo-Latin word formed on the analogy of biennium, triennium, from Lat. milk, a thousand, and armies, year)

millennium-period, though perhaps not prominent in that theory of See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• ESCHATOLOGY
• ESCHATOLOGY (Gr. &rXaros, last, and A6yos, science; the " doctrine of last things ")

eschatology to which the names Millenarianism and See also:

• CHILIASM (from Gr. xiAeao-6s, XL)woI, a thousand)

Chiliasm (from Gr. xiAuar, a thousand) are given, is quite See also:

• COMMON

common in non-Christian religions and cosmological systems . Faith in the nearness of Christ's second. See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent and the establishing of his reign of See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory on the earth was undoubtedly a strong point in the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive Christian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . In the anticipations of the future prevalent amongst the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Christians (c . 50-150) it is necessary to distinguish a fixed and a fluctuating See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element . The former includes (I) the notion that a last terrible See also:

• BATTLE

battle with the enemies of See also:

• GOD

God.was impending; (2) the faith in the speedy return of Christ; (3) the conviction that Christ will See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge all men, and (4) will set up a See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of glory on earth . To the latter belong views of the See also:

• ANTICHRIST (avrixpu ros)

Antichrist, of the See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen See also:

• WORLD

world-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, of the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, extent, and duration of the earthly kingdom of Christ, &c . These remained in a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution; they were modified from See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day to day, partly because of the changing circumstances of the See also:

• PRESENT

present by which forecasts of the future were regulated, partly because the indications—real or supposed—of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient prophets always admitted of new combinations and constructions . But even here certain positions were agreed on in large sections of Christendom . Amongst these was the expectation that the future kingdom of Christ on earth should have a fixed duration—according to the most prevalent See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, a duration of one thousand years .

From this fact the whole ancient Christian eschatology was known in later times as "chiliasm "—a name which is not strictly accurate, since the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the millennium was only one feature in its See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of the future . 1 . This See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that the Messianic kingdom of the future on earth should have a definite duration has—like the whole eschatology of the primitive Church—its roots in the Jewish apocalyptic literature, where it appears at a comparatively See also:

• LATE

late period . At first it was assumed that the Messianic kingdom in See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine would last for ever (so the prophets; cf . Jer. See also:

• XXIV

xxiv . 6; Ezek. See also:

• XXXVII

xxxvii . 25; See also:

• JOEL
• JOEL, MANUEL (1826–189o)

Joel iv . 20; See also:

• DAN

Dan. vi . 27; Sibyll. iii . 49 seq., 766; Psalt . Salom. xvii . 4; Enocn lxii .

14), and this seems always to have been the most widely accepted view (See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John xii . 34) . But from a comparison of prophetic passages of the Old Testament learned apocalyptic writers came to the conclusion that a distinction must be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn between the earthly See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the See also:

• MESSIAH (Dan. x. 25, 26)

Messiah and the appearance of God Himself amongst His See also:

• PEOPLE

people and in the See also:

• GENTILE
• GENTILE, C

Gentile world for the final See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment . As a necessary consequence, a limited period had to be assigned to the Messianic kingdom . According to the See also:

• APOCALYPSE
• APOCALYPSE (Gr. aaoKaXvti/hr, disclosure)
• APOCALYPSE, KNIGHTS OF THE

Apocalypse of See also:

• BARUCH

Baruch (xl . 3) this kingdom will last . " donec finiatur mundus corruptionis." In the See also:

• BOOK

Book of See also:

• ENOCH, BOOK OF

Enoch (xci . 12) " a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week " is specified, in the Apocalypse of See also:

• EZRA (from a Hebrew word meaning " help ")
• EZRA, FOURTH BOOK (or APOCALYPSE) OF
• EZRA, THIRD BOOK OF [I Esdras]

Ezra (vii . 28 seq.) four See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years . This figure, corresponding to the four hundred years of See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian bondage, occurs also in the See also:

• TALMUD

Talmud (Sanhedrin 99a) . But this is the only passage; the Talmud has no fixed doctrine on the point . The view most frequently expressed there (see Von See also:

• OTTO

Otto in See also:

• HILGENFELD, ADOLF BERNHARD CHRISTOPH (1823—1907)

Hilgenfeld's Zeitschrift, 1877, p .

527 seq.) is that the Messianic kingdom will last for one thousand (some said two thousand) years . " In six days God created the world, on the seventh He rested . But a day of God is equal to a thousand years (Ps. xc . 4) . Hence the world will last for six thousand years of toil and labour; then will come one thousand years of See also:

• SABBATH

Sabbath See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest for the people of God in the kingdom of the Messiah." This idea must have already been very common in the first See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century before Christ . The See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of Gen. i., Dan. ix. and Ps. xc . 4 was peculiarly fascinating . Nowhere in the discourses of Jesus is there a hint of a limited duration of the Messianic kingdom . The apostolic epistles are equally See also:

• FREE

free from any trace of chiliasm (neither I See also:

• COR

Cor. xv . 23 seq. nor I Thess. iv . 16 seq. points in this direction) . In See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

Revelation however, it occurs in the following shape (ch. xx.) .

After Christ has appeared from See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven in the See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

guise of a See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior, and vanquished the antichristian world-power, the See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom of the world and the See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

devil, those who have remained steadfast in the time of the last See also:

• CATASTROPHE (Gr. Karaurpoch, from KaraQrp4ecv, to over-turn)

catastrophe, and have given up their lives for their faith, shall be raised up, and shall reign with Christ on this earth as a royal priesthood for one thousand years . At the end of this time Satan is to be let loose again for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season; he will prepare a new onslaught, but God will miraculously destroy him and his hosts . Then will follow the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general resurrection of the dead, the last judgment, and the creation of new heavens and a new earth . That all believers will have a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the first resurrection and in the Messianic kingdom is an idea of which the author of Revelation knows nothing . The earthly kingdom of Christ is reserved for those who have endured the most terrible tribulation, who have withstood the supreme effort of the worldpower—that is, for those who are actually members of the church of the last days . The Jewish expectation is thus considerably curtailed, as it is also shorn of its sensual attractions . " Blessed and See also:

• HOLY

holy is he that hath See also:

• PART

part in the first resurrection; on such the second See also:

• DEATH

death hath no power; but they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with Him a thousand years." Other ancient Christian authors were not so cautious . Accepting the Jewish apocalypses as sacred books of See also:

• VENERABLE (Lat. venerabilis, worthy of reverence, venerari, to reverence, to worship, allied to Venus, love; the Indo-Germ. root is wen-, to desire, whence Eng. " win, properly to struggle for, hence to gain)

venerable antiquity, they read them eagerly, and transferred their contents bodily to See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . See also:

• NAY, or NEY

Nay more, the Gentile Christians took See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of them, and just in proportion as they were neglected by the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews—who, after the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

Bar-Cochba, became indifferent to the Messianic See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope and hardened themselves once more in devotion to the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law— they were naturalized in the Christian communities . The result was that these books became " Christian " documents; it is entirely to Christian, not to Jewish, tradition that we owe their preservation . The Jewish expectations are adopted for example, by See also:

• PAPIAS

Papias, by the writer of the See also:

• EPISTLE

epistle of See also:

• BARNABAS

Barnabas, and by See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin . Papias actually confounds expressions of Jesus with verses from the Apocalypse of Baruch, referring to the amazing fertility of the days of the Messianic kingdom (Papias in Iren. v .

33) . Barnabas (Ep . 15) gives us the Jewish theory (from Gen. i. and Ps. xc . 4) that the present See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the world is to last six thousand years from the creation, that at the beginning of the Sabbath (the seventh millennium) the Son of God appears, to put an end to the time of " the unjust one," to judge the ungodly and renew the earth . But he does not indulge, like Papias, in sensuous descriptions of this seventh millennium; to Barnabas it is a time of rest, of sinlessness, and of a holy See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . It is not the end, however; it is followed by an eighth day of eternal duration—" the beginning of another world." So that in the view of Barnabas the Messianic reign still belongs to ovros o alcuv . Justin (See also:

• DIAL

Dial . 8o) speaks of chiliasm as a necessary part of See also:

• COMPLETE

complete orthodoxy, although he knows Christians who do not accept it . He believes, with the Jews, in a restoration and See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem; he assumes that this city will be the seat of the Messianic kingdom, and he takes it as a See also:

• MATTER

matter of course that there all believers (here he is at one with Barnabas) along with patriarchs and prophets will enjoy perfect felicity for one thousand years . That a philosopher like Justin, with a See also:

• BIAS
• BIAS (from the Fr. biais, of unknown origin; the derivation from Lat. bifax, two-faced, is wrong)

bias towards an Hellenic construction of the Christian See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, should nevertheless have accepted its chiliastic elements is the strongest See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that these enthusiastic expectations were inseparably See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound up with the Christian faith down to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 2nd century . And another proof is found in the fact that even a speculative Jewish Christian like See also:

• CERINTHUS (c. A.D. 100)

Cerinthus not only did not renounce the chiliastic hope, but pictured the future kingdom of Christ as a kingdom of sensual pleasures, of eating and drinking and See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage festivities (Euseb . H .

E. iii . 28, vii . 25) . After the middle of the and century these expectations were gradually thrust into the background . They would never have died out, however, had not circumstances altered, and a new See also:

• MENTAL

mental attitude been taken up . The spirit of philosophical and theological See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation and of ethical reflection, which began to spread through the churches, did not know what to make of the dd hopes 91 the future . To a new See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation they seemed paltry,earthly and fantastic, and far-seeing men had See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to regard them as a source of See also:

• POLITICAL

political danger . But more than this, these See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild dreams about the glorious kingdom of Christ began to disturb the organization which the churches had seen See also:

• FIT

fit to intro-duce . In the interests of self-preservation against the world, the state and the heretics, the Christian communities had formed themselves into compact See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies with a definite creed and constitution, and they See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt that their existence was threatened by the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of religious subjectivity . So early as the See also:

• YEAR

year 170, a church party in See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor—the so-called Alogi—rejected the whole See also:

• BODY

body of apocalyptic writings and denounced the book of Revelation as a book of fables . All the more powerful was the reaction . In the so-called Montanistic controversy (c .

160–220) one of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal issues involved was the continuance of the chiliastic expectations in the churches . The Montanists of Asia Minor defended them in their integrity, with one slight modification: they announced that Pepuza, the city of Montanus, would be the site of the New Jerusalem and the millennial kingdom . After the Montanistic controversy chiliastic views were more and more discredited in the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Church; they were, in fact, stigmatized as " Jewish " and consequently " heretical." It was the Alexandrian See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology that superseded them; that is to say, Neo-Platonic See also:

• MYSTICISM (from Or. µuety, to shut the eyes; µuorrts, one initiated into the mysteries)

mysticism triumphed over the early Christian hope of the future, first among the " cultured," and then, when the theology of the " cultured " had taken the faith of the " uncultured " under its See also:

• PROTECTION

protection, amongst the latter also . About the year 26o an Egyptian See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, See also:

• NEPOS, CORNELIUS (c. 99–24 B.C.)
• NEPOS, JULIUS

Nepos, in a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise called EXeyxos aXXyopivrwv, endeavoured to overthrow the Origenistic theology and vindicate chiliasm by exegetical methods . Several congregations took his part; but ultimately See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius, bishop of See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria, succeeded in healing the See also:

• SCHISM

schism and asserting the allegorical See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of the prophets as the only legitimate exegesis . During this controversy Dionysius became convinced that the victory of mystical theology over " Jewish " chiliasm would never be secure so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as the book of Revelation passed for an apostolic See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing and kept its place among the homologoumena of the See also:

• CANON

canon . He accordingly raised the question of its apostolic origin; and by reviving old difficulties, with ingenious arguments of his own, he carried his point . At the time of See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

Eusebius the Greek Church was saturated with See also:

• PREJUDICE (Lat. praejudicium)

prejudice against the book and with doubts as to its canonicity . In the course of the 4th century it was removed from the Greek canon, and thus the troublesome See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation on which chiliasm might have continued to build was got rid of . The attempts of See also:

• METHODIUS (c. 825-885)

Methodius of See also:

• TYRE (Phoen. and Hebr. =" rock," Assyr. S'urru, Egypt. Dara, Early Lat. Sarra)

Tyre at the beginning of the 4th century and Apollinarius of See also:

• LAODICEA
• LAODICEA, SYNOD OF

Laodicea about 36o to defend chiliasm and assail the theology of See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen had no result . For many centuries the Greek Church kept Revelation out of its canon, and consequently chiliasm remained in its See also:

• GRAVE

grave . It was considered a sufficient safeguard against the spiritualizing eschatology of Origen and his school to have rescued the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main doctrines of the creed and the See also:

• REGULA

regula fidei (the visible advent of Christ; eternal misery and See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

hell-See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire for the wicked) .

Anything beyond this was held to be Jewish . It was only the chronologists and historians of the church who, following See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• AFRICANUS, SEXTUS JULIUS

Africanus, made use of apocalyptic See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers in their calculations, while See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court theologians like Eusebius entertained the imperial table with discussions as to whether the dining-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor—the second See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David and See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon, the beloved of God—might not be the New Jerusalem of John's Apocalypse . Eusebius was not the first who dabbled in such speculations . Dionysius of Alexandria had already referred a Messianic pre-diction of the Old Testament to the emperor See also:

• GALLIENUS, PUBLIUS LICINIUS EGNATIUS

Gallienus . But mysticism and political servility between them gave the death-See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow to chiliasm in the Greek Church . It never again obtained a footing there; for, although, late in the middle ages, the book of Revelation—by what means we cannot tell—did recover its authority, the Church was by that time so hopelessly trammelled by a magical cultus as to be incapable of fresh developments . In the Semitic churches of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East (the Syrian, Arabian and Ethiopian), and in that of See also:

• ARMENIA (old Persian Armina, Armenian Hayasdan, or Hayq)

Armenia, the apocalyptic literature was preserved much longer than in the Greek Church . They were very conservative of ancient traditions in general, and hence chiliasm survived amongst them to a later date than in Alexandria or See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople . But the Western Church was also more conservative than the Greek . Her theologians had, to begin with, little turn for mystical speculation; their tendency was rather to reduce the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

gospel to a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of morals . Now for the moralists chiliasm had a See also:

• SPECIAL

special significance as the one distinguishing feature of the gospel, and the only thing that gave a specifically Christian See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character to their system . This, however, holds good of the Western theologians only after the middle of the 3rd century .

The earlier fathers, See also:

• IRENAEUS

Irenaeus, See also:

• HIPPOLYTUS
• HIPPOLYTUS, THE CANONS OF

Hippolytus, See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian, believed in chiliasm simply because it was a part of the tradition of the church and because See also:

• MARCION

Marcion and the Gnostics would have nothing to do with it . Irenaeus (v . 28, 29) has the same conception of the millennial kingdom as Barnabas and Papias, and appeals in support of it to the testimony of disciples of the apostles . Hippolytus, although an opponent of See also:

• MONTANISM

Montanism, was nevertheless a thorough-going millennarian (see his book De Antichristo) . Tertullian (cf. especially Adv . Marcion., 3) aimed at a more spiritual conception of the millennial blessings than Papias had, but he still adhered, especially in his Montanistic period, to all the ancient anticipations . It is the same all through the 3rd and 4th centuries with those Latin theologians who escaped the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Greek speculation . Commodian, See also:

• VICTORINUS, GAIUS MARIUS (4th century A.D.)

Victorinus Pettavensis, Lactantius and Sulpicius See also:

• SEVERUS
• SEVERUS, SULPICIUS (c. 363–c. 425)

Severus were all pronounced millennarians, holding by the very details of the primitive Christian expectations . They still believe, as John did, in the return of See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero as the Antichrist; they still expect that after the first resurrection Christ will reign with his See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints " in the flesh " for a thousand years . Once, but only once (in the Gospel of Nicodemus), the time is reduced to five hundred years . Victorinus wrote a commentary on the Apocalypse of John; and all these theologians, especially Lactantius, were diligent students of the ancient Sibylline oracles of Jewish and Christian origin, and treated them as divine revelations . As to the canonicity and apostolic authorship of the Johannine Apocalypse no doubts were ever entertained in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West; indeed an Apocalypse of See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter was still retained in the canon in the 3rd century .

That of Ezra, in its Latin See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, must have been all but a canonical book—the numbers of extant See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts of the so-called 4 Ezra being incredibly See also:

• GREAT

great, while several of them are found in copies of the Latin See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible at the beginning of the 16th century . The Apocalypse of See also:

• HERMAS, SHEPHERD OF

Hermas was much read till far through the middle ages, and has also kept its place in some Bibles . The apocalyptic " Testamenta duodecim patriarcharum " was a favourite See also:

• READING

reading-book; and Latin versions of ancient apocalypses are being continually brought to See also:

• LIGHT

light from Western See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries (e.g. the Assumptio Mosis, the Ascensio Jesajae, &c.) . All these facts show how vigorously the early hopes of the future maintained themselves in the West . In the hands of moralistic theologians, like Lactantius, they certainly assume a somewhat See also:

• GROTESQUE

grotesque See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, but the fact that these men clung to them is the clearest See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that in the West millennarianism was still a point of " orthodoxy " in the 4th century . This state of matters, however, gradually disappeared after the end of the 4th century . The See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change was brought about by two causes—first, Greek theology, which reached the West chiefly through See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome See also:

• RUFINUS, TYRANNIUS

Rufinus and See also:

• AMBROSE (AMBROISE), AUTPERT (d.' 778)
• AMBROSE (ANDREY SERTIS-KAMENSKIY) (1708-1771)
• AMBROSE (fl. 119o)
• AMBROSE, ISAAC (1604-1663/4)
• AMBROSE, SAINT (c. 340-307)

Ambrose, and, second, the new idea of the church wrought out by See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine on the basis of the altered political situation of the church . Augustine was the first who ventured to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach that the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

catholic church, in its empirical form, was the kingdom of Christ, that the millennial kingdom had commenced with the appearing of Christ, and was therefore an accomplished fact . By this doctrine of Augustine's, the old millennarianism, though not completely extirpated, was at least banished from the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official theology . It still lived on, however, in the See also:

• LOWER

lower strata of Christian society; and in certain undercurrents of tradition it was transmitted from century to century . At various periods in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the middle ages we encounter sudden outbreaks of millennarianism, sometimes as the tenet of a small See also:

• SECT

sect, sometimes as a far-reaching See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement . And, since it had been suppressed, not, as in the East, bymystical speculation, its mightiest antagonist, but by the political church of the See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy, we find that wherever chiliasm appears in the middle ages it makes common cause with all enemies of the secularized church .

It strengthened the hands of church See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy; it formed an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with the pure souls who held up to the church the ideal of apostolic poverty; it See also:

• UNITED

united itself for a time even with mysticism in a common opposition to the supremacy of the church; nay, it See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent the strength of its convictions to the support of states and princes in their efforts to break the political power of the church . It is sufficient to recall the well-known names of See also:

• JOACHIM, JOSEPH (1831—1907)

Joachim of See also:

• FLORIS, FRANS

Floris, of all the numerous Franciscan spiritualists, of the leading sectaries from the 13th to the 15th century who assailed the papacy and the See also:

• SECULARISM

secularism of the church—above all, the name of See also:

• OCCAM, WILLIAM OF (d. c. 1349)

Occam . In these men the millennarianism of the ancient church came to See also:

• LIFE

life again; and in the revolutionary movements of the 15th and 16th centuries—especially in the Anabaptist movements—it appears with all its old uncompromising See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy . If the church, and not the state, was regarded as See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon, and the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope declared to be the Antichrist, these were legitimate inferences from the ancient traditions and the actual position of the church . But, of course, the new chiliasm was not in every respect identical with the old . It could not hold its ground without admitting certain innovations . The " See also:

• EVERLASTING, or IMMORTELLE

everlasting gospel " of Joachim of Floris was a different thing from the announcement of Christ's glorious return in the clouds of heaven; the " See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of the spirit " which mystics and spiritualists expected contained traits which must be characterized as " See also:

• MODERN

modern "; and the " kingdom " of the See also:

• ANABAPTISTS (" re-baptizers," from Gr. apa and J3airri tt')

Anabaptists in See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster was a Satanic See also:

• CARICATURE (Ital. caricatura, i.e. "ritratto ridicolo," from caricare, to load, to charge; Fr. charge)

caricature of that kingdom in which the Christians of the 2nd century looked for a peaceful Sabbath rest . Only we must not form our ideas of the great apocalyptic and chiliastic movement of the first decades of the 16th century from the See also:

• RABBLE

rabble in Munster . There were pure evangelical forces at See also:

• WORK

work in it; and many Anabaptists need not shun comparison with the Christians of the apostolic and See also:

• POST

post-apostolic ages . The See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German and Swiss Reformers also believed that the end of the world was near, but they had different aims in view from those of the Anabaptists . It was not from poverty and apocalypticism that they hoped for a See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

reformation of the Church . In contrast to the fanatics, after a brief hesitation they threw millennarianism overboard, and along with it all other " opiniones Judaicae." They took up the same ground in this respect which the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholic Church had occupied since the time of Augustine .

How millennarianism nevertheless found its way, with the help of apocalyptic mysticism and Anabaptist influences into the churches of the Reformation, chiefly among the Re-formed sects, but afterwards also in the Lutheran Church, how it became incorporated with See also:

• PIETISM

Pietism, how in more See also:

• RECENT

recent times an exceedingly mild type of " See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic " chiliasm has been See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed from a belief in the verbal See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration of the Bible, how finally new sects are still springing up here and there with apocalyptic and chiliastic expectations—these are matters which cannot be fully entered upon here . See Schiirer, Lehrbuch der neutestamentlichen Zeitgeschichte (1874), §§ 28, 29; Corrodi, Kritische Geschichte See also:

• DES

des Chiliasmus (1781) ; R . H . See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles, The Doctrine of a Future Life (1899) ; Book of the Secrets of Enoch (1896), pp. See also:

• XXVII

xxvii–See also:

• XXX

xxx, ch. xxxii . 2-xxxni . 2; Apocalypse of Baruch (1896), See also:

• XXIX

xxix . 3–8 (notes); Bock of Enoch (See also:

• INDEX

index, s.v . " Messianic Kingdom ") ; Bousset, Religion des Judenthums (1903), 273–276; C . A . See also:

• BRIGGS, CHARLES AUGUSTUS (1841– )
• BRIGGS, HENRY (1556–1630)

Briggs, The Messiah of the Apostles, p . 284 seq . ; See also:

• SABATIER, LOUIS AUGUSTE (1839-1901)

Sabatier, See also:

• LES

Les Origines litteraires et la See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition de l'Apocalypse de St See also:

• JEAN

Jean (1887) ; See also:

• SPITTA, FRIEDRICH (1852— )

Spitta, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Offenbarung des Johannes untersucht (1889) .

See also ESCHATOLOGY and See also:

• WORKS

works there quoted . (A .