See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• MOLINA, LUIS (1535-1600)

molina, cf. Fr. See also:

• MOULIN (Fr. moulin, a mill)

moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root, mol, is derived " See also:

• MEAL

meal;" the word appears in other See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)  , the See also:

• TERM

term given to the apparatus or machinery used in the grinding of See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn into See also:

• FLOUR

flour, and hence applied to similar See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical devices for grinding, crushing to See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder, or pulping other substances, e.g. See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee-See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill, powder-mill . " Mill " was first used of the See also:

• BUILDING

building containing the apparatus, frequently with a word attached descriptive of the See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, e.g. See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind-mill, See also:

• WATER

water-mill, &c . It was not the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early word used of the actual grinding mechanism . The old See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand-mill was known as a " See also:

• QUERN

quern," a word which appears in this sense in many Indo-See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages; the ultimate See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root is gar-, to grind . " Quern " (see FLOUR) is only remotely connected with " See also:

• CHURN (0. Eng. cyrin; found in various forms in most Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch karn; according to the New English Dictionary not connected with " quern," a mill)

churn " (q.v.) . The word is also applied to many mechanical devices by which raw material is transformed into a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition ready for use or into a See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage preparatory to other processes, e.g. saw-mill, See also:

• ROLLING

rolling-mill, &c., or still more widely to buildings containing machinery used in manufactures, e.g. See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton-mill . In See also:

• MINING

mining it is applied to various See also:

• MACHINES

machines used in breaking and crushing the ore (see ORE-DRESSING) . In the See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries milling machines constitute a very important class of See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine tools, the characteristic of which is that rotary cutters are employed for shaping the See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal (see TooLs) . In coins the " milling is the serrated edge, called " crenneling " by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• EVELYN, JOHN (1620-1706)

Evelyn (Discourse on Medals, 1697, p . 225), which is formed on them to prevent clipping and filing . Coins made by the old See also:

• PROCESS

process of hammering were See also:

• APT

apt to have irregular edges which invited See also:

• MUTILATION (from Lat. mutilus, maimed)

mutilation; but the introduction of the See also:

• SCREW (O.E. scrue, from O. Fr. escroue, mod. ecrou; ultimate origin uncertain; the word, or a similar one, appears in Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Schraube, Dan. skrue, but Skeat, following Diaz, finds the origin in Lat. scrobs, a ditch, hole, particularl

screw See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press, which came to be known as a mill (cf . W .

See also:

• LOWNDES, THOMAS (1692-1748)
• LOWNDES, WILLIAM THOMAS (1798-1843)

Lowndes, Amendm . See also:

• SILVER

Silver Coinage, 1695, p . 93), permitted the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of a See also:

• REGULAR

regular edge with serrations, which in consequence were termed milling . This machine also enabled legends to be impressed See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the edges of coins, such as the See also:

• DEEMS, CHARLES (ALEXANDER) FORCE (1820-1893)

Deems et tutamen suggested by Evelyn (see W . J . Hocking, See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue of the Coins, &c., in the Museum of the Royal See also:

• MINT
• MINT (Lat. moneta; Mid. Eng. mynt)

Mint, 1906) . It was invented about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and has generally been attributed to See also:

• GUYOT, ARNOLD HENRY (18o7–1884)
• GUYOT, YVES (1843– )

Guyot Brucher (d . 1556), who was succeeded at the See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris mint by his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine . Introduced into See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England by one Eloye Mestrel in 1561, it was used for twelve years, and was then abandoned owing to the opposition of the mint officials to Mestrel, who was executed for See also:

• COUNTERFEITING (from Lat. contra-facere, to make in opposition or contrast)

counterfeiting and striking See also:

• MONEY

money outside the precincts of the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower of See also:

• LONDON

London; but it was again introduced by one See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter Blondeau in 1662, when it permanently superseded hammering . In the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America the term " milling " or " milled " is applied to the raised edge on the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin; this is known in the See also:

• BRITISH

British mint as " marking " (see MINT) .