See also:

• MINARET (from the Arabic mandrat ; manar or miner is Arabic for a lighthouse, a tower on which liar, fire, is lit)

MINARET (from the Arabic mandrat ; manar or miner is Arabic for a lighthouse, a See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower on which liar, See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, is lit)  , a lofty, See also:

• TURRET (from O. Fr. tourette, diminutive of tour, tower, mod. Fr. tourelle)

turret See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture . The See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form is derived from that of the Pharos, the See also:

• GREAT

great lighthouse of See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria, in the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top See also:

• STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

storey of which the Mahommedan conquerors in the 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century placed a small praying chamber . The See also:

• LIGHT

light-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house form is perpetuated in the minarets which are found attached to all Mahommedan mosques, and probably had considerable See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on the See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower (see an exhaustive study in See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann See also:

• THIERSCH, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1784-1860)

Thiersch, Pharos Antike, See also:

• ISLAM

Islam and Occident, 1909) . The See also:

• MINARET (from the Arabic mandrat ; manar or miner is Arabic for a lighthouse, a tower on which liar, fire, is lit)

minaret is always square from the See also:

• BASE

base to the height of the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of the See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque to which it is attached, and very often octangular above . The upper portion is divided into two or three stages, the wall of the upper storey being slightly set back behind the one below, so as to admit of a narrow See also:

• BALCONY (Ital. balcone from balco, scaffold; cf. O. H. Ger. balcho, beam, Mod. Ger. Balken, Eng. balk)

balcony, from which the See also:

• AZAN (Arabic for " announcement ")

azan, or See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call to See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer, is chanted by the muazzin (muezzin, moeddin), In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to give greater width to the balcony it is corbelled out with stalactitic vaulting . The balconies are surrounded with See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone balustrades, and the upper storeys are richly decorated; the top storey being surmounted with a small bulbous See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome . The earliest minaret known is that which was built by the See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

caliph Walid (A.D . 705) in the mosque of See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus, the next in date being the minaret of the mosque of Tulun, at See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo (A.D . 879), with an See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• SPIRAL

spiral See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of steps like the See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory towers in See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian architecture . This minaret as also the example of El Hakim (996), is raised on great square towers . The more remarkable of the other Cairene minarets are those of See also:

• IMAM

Imam esh-Shafi (1218), Muristan al Kalaun (128o), See also:

• HASSAN

Hassan (1354), Barkuk (A.n . 1382) and Kait See also:

• BEY (a modern Turk. word, the older form being beg, cf. Pers. baig)

Bey (A.D .

1468) . Of the same type are the two minarets added to the mosque of Damascus in the 15th century . In See also:

• PERSIA

Persia the minarets are generally circular, with a single balcony at the top, corbelled out and covered over . In See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, at See also:

• GHAZNI

Ghazni, there are no balconies, and the upper See also:

• PART

part of the tower tapers upwards; the same is See also:

• NOTICE

notice-able at See also:

• DELHI, DEHLI

Delhi, where the minaret of Kutab is divided into six storeys with balconies at each level . In the well-known See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of the Taj Mahal the four minarets are all built in See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, in three storeys with balconies to each storey, and surmounted by open lanterns . The minarets of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople are very lofty and See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire-See also:

• DRAWN

drawn, but contrast well with the domes of the mosques, which are of slight See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation as compared with those at Cairo .