See also:

• MINAS [MINOIDES] (c. 1790-186o)

MINAS GERAES (i.e. " See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general mines ")  , popularly See also:

• MINAS [MINOIDES] (c. 1790-186o)

MINAS,: an inland See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil, bounded N. by See also:

• GOYAZ

Goyaz and See also:

• BAHIA

Bahia, E. by Bahia, Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, S. by Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, and W. by Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso and Goyaz . It is very irregular in outline and covers an See also:

• AREA

area of 221,861 sq. m. upon the See also:

• GREAT

great Brazilian See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau . Among the Brazilian states it is fifth in See also:

• SIZE

size and first in See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population—3,184,o99 in 189o, and 3,594,471 in 1900 . The See also:

• SURFACE

surface of Minas Geraes is broken by See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain ranges and deeply eroded rivercourses, the latter forming fertile valleys shut in by partly barren uplands, or See also:

• CAMPOS
• CAMPOS, ARSENIO MARTINEZ DE (1831-1900)

campos . The reckless destruction of forests along the watercourses also adds to the barren aspect of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal mountain ranges are the Serra da Mantiqueira on its See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern frontier and its N. See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension, the S. do Espinhaco, which runs parallel to the Serra do See also:

• MAR, EARLDOM OF
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 1ST OR 6TH EARL OF (d. 1572)
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 2ND OR 7TH EARL
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 6TH OR 11TH EARL OF (1675-1732)

Mar, or See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-range, and separates the inland or campo region from a See also:

• LOWER

lower forested See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone between the two ranges . Most of the wooded See also:

• DISTRICT

district See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the Mantiqueira belongs to the states of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, but See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the Espinhaco it belongs to Minas Geraes and extends eastward to the Serra das Aymores, on the frontier of Espirito Santo . This zone has an abundant rainfall, dense forests and a fertile See also:

• SOIL

soil . It is drained by the Doce, Mucury, Jequitinhonha and Pardo, which have their See also:

• SOURCES

sources on the eastern slopes of the Espinhaco and cut their way through the Aymores to the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . The tributaries of the Rio Doce See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the slopes of the Serra do Espinhaco for a distance See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and south of about 200 M . The southern See also:

• PART

part of this region is well populated, and is covered with See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee and See also:

• SUGAR

sugar plantations . On the western frontier a See also:

• NORTHERN

northern extension of the great central See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of Goyaz forms the See also:

• WATER

water-parting between the drainage basins of the Sao Francisco and Tocantins, and is known at different points as the Serra do Paranan, Serra de Sao Domingos and Serra das Divisoes .

South-east of this chain, between the headwaters of the See also:

• PARANA

Parana and Sao Francisco, are the Serra da Canastra and Serra da Matta da Garde, an irregular chain of moderate See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation See also:

• RUNNING

running north and south . The highest elevations in the state, so far as known, are Itatiaya (8898 ft.) in the Serra da Mantiqueira, and Caraca (6414 ft.), near Ouro Preto, in the Serra do Espinha9o . The See also:

• HYDROGRAPHY (.Gr. 6&,p, water, and cypfidiecv, to write)

hydrography of the campo region of Minas Geraes is extremely complicated . The Mantiqueira-Espinha90 chain shuts out the streams flowing directly east to the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic, and the boundary ranges on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west shut out the streams that flow into the Tocantins, though their sources are on the actual See also:

• THRESHOLD

threshold of the state . Between these two mountain chains the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head streams of the Parana and Sao Francisco are intermingled—the one flowing inland and southward to the great La See also:

• PLATA, RIO DE LA, or RIVER PLATE

Plata See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary, the other northward and eastward across the arid See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands of Brazil to the Atlantic coast in ro° 30' S. See also:

• LAT

lat . Less than roo m. from the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Rio de Janeiro and about 6o m. from the coast is the source of the Rio Grande, the larger of the two See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers that See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the Parana . It rises near the See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak of Itatiaya, on the northern slopes of the Mantiqueira, and flows north-west and west across the Minas plateau, receiving several large tributaries from the south . North and parallel with its course is a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed, which separates its drainage See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin both from that of the Sao Francisco and from that of the See also:

• PARNAHYBA, or PARNAHIBA

Parnahyba, the northern confluent of the Parana . The latter rises on the western slopes of the Serra da Matta da Corde, and one of its northern tributaries has its source in a " See also:

• KNOT
• KNOT (O.E. cnotta, from a Teutonic stem knutt; cf. " knit," and Ger. knoten)

knot " of the Serra dos Pyreneos, from which streams flow eastward to the Sao Francisco and northward to the Tocantins . The central and greater part of the state, however, is included in the drainage basin of the upper Sao Francisco . Its source is in the Serra da Canastra, and its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general course across the state is north by east, during which it receives the Paracatu, Urucuia, Pardo and Carinhanha from the west and the Verde Grande and das Velhas from the east . Part of these rivers are navigable for small steamers, and the Sao Francisco must some See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day be of great importance in the development of Central Brazil .

All these rivers of. the Brazilian plateau are interrupted by falls and rapids . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of Minas Geraes is characterized by high See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun temperatures and cool nights, the latter often dropping below the freezing point on the higher campos . The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature is about 85° in the Sao Francisco valley, 77° on the campos of the S.E., and 70° on the campos of the W . The See also:

• YEAR

year is divided into two seasons—wet and dry—the former lasting from See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November to May . This See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division is not so clearly marked in the south, especially in the "matta" (See also:

• FOREST

forest) regions, where the rainfall ranges from 59 to 65 in . There is much See also:

• MALARIA

malaria in the wooded districts of the east and on the higher campos, where the daily extremes of temperature are great, See also:

• LUNG

lung and bronchial diseases are See also:

• COMMON

common . Some of the high plains, however, as at See also:

• BARBACENA

Barbacena, serve as See also:

• HEALTH

health resorts for the coast districts . Minas Geraes is a See also:

• MINING

mining state, though the mining See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry has lost much of its importance through the decline in the output of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and diamonds . Gold is widely diffused, and abandoned " washings " all over the state show how general the industry was at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . There were in 1908 five deep mines worked by See also:

• ENGLISH

English companies and one by a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• COMPANY

company . One of these, the Morro Velho mine, belonging to an English company, is not only the deepest gold-mine in existence' (over 2000 ft.), but it has been worked since 1725, and since 1835 by its See also:

• PRESENT

present owners . See also:

• SILVER

Silver is not See also:

• MINED

mined by itself, but is found in See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination with gold .

In 1908 a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• GOLDFIELD

goldfield was discovered in the northern part of the state, 5 M. from Montes Claros, in the valley of the Verde Grande See also:

• RIVER

River, and attracted large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of miners . There are many rich deposits of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron ores in the state, but they only produce a small quantity of See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal iron for See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption . See also:

• MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

Manganese ore is mined for export, and See also:

• BISMUTH

bismuth is reported to have been discovered . Minas Geraes is most widely known for its diamonds, which are found in widely separated parts of the state . The largest and most productive See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field is that of See also:

• DIAMANTINA (formerly called Tejuco)

Diamantina (q.v.) on the head-See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Jequitinhonha River, where diamonds were discovered about 1725, and where the celebrated " See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond See also:

• RESERVATION (Lat. reservare, to keep back)

reservation" —an See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval-shaped territory 8 leagues wide by 16 leagues See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long (Mawe), with Tejuco, now Diamantina, very nearly in the centre—was established in 1730 . The mines became See also:

• CROWN

crown See also:

• PROPERTY

property, gold-mining was forbidden, and no one was permitted to enter the reservation without a See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence . The state See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly was abolished in 1832, and mining has since been carried on by private enterprise . See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Mawe estimates that the annual product was See also:

• ROOD (O.E. rod, a stick, another form of " rod, O.E. rodd, possibly cognate with Lat. rudis, a staff)

rood oz. during the first twenty years, and See also:

• CASTELNAU, MICHEL DE, SIEUR DE LA MAUVTSSIERE (c. 1520-1592)

Castelnau estimates the value of the See also:

• TOTAL

total output down to 1849 at 300,000,000 fr . No estimate can be made of the See also:

• CONTRABAND (Fr. contrebande, from contra, against, and bannum, Low Lat. for " proclamation ")

contraband, which must have been large . A great decline in the output occurred during the last See also:

• HALF

half of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century; but a new field was discovered in 1908 at Abbadia dos Dourados, in the western part of the state . Other valuable stones, the See also:

• TOPAZ

topaz, See also:

• CHRYSOLITE

chrysolite, See also:

• AQUAMARINE (Lat. aqua marina, " water of the sea ")

aquamarine See also:

• AMETHYST

amethyst and See also:

• TOURMALINE

tourmaline are found . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture and grazing have become the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main dependence of the population—the former in the lower, forested region of the south-east, where coffee and sugar-See also:

• CANE

cane are the principal See also:

• PRO

pro-ducts, and the latter on the higher campos and river valleys, and on the mountain slopes, where large herds of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle are to be found, and See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk, See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter and See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese are produced .

The See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping of fresh milk to Rio de Janeiro and butter-making are comparatively new See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries . The river valleys of the campo region are also cultivated to some extent . Among the general products are See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, mandioca, beans, pork and See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton . See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

Wheat has been produced in some localities, but not on a paying basis, and experiments have also been made with See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea . There is a large variety of fruits, and the cultivation of grapes for See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine-making is developing into a profitable industry . Railway communication with Minas Geraes includes the following lines: the Central do Brazil (formerly known as the Dom Pedro II.), which starts from Rio de Janeiro and penetrates nearly to Pirapora (its See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective point), at the head of See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation of the Sao Francisco River, with branches into neighbouring districts; the Leopoldina, from Rio de Janeiro into the forested region of eastern Minas; the Minas and Rio, from Cruzeiro, on the Sao Paulo See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Central do Brazil, into southern Minas; the Mogyana, from See also:

• CAMPINAS

Campinas, Sao Paulo, and runs to Uberaba in western Minas, and is intended to See also:

• CROSS

cross into Goyas; and the Bahia & Minas, from the See also:

• PORT

port of See also:

• CARAVELLAS

Caravellas, in southern Bahia, which runs a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance into Minas Geraes, and is planned to extend to See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia and beyond . Another See also:

• LINE

line from the port of See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria, Espirito Santo, northward to Diamantina, Minas Geraes, was under construction in 1908 . River transport has some local value on the upper Sao Francisco and its larger tributaries, and this will be greatly increased when the Central do Brazil railway reaches the head of navigation on that river . The population of Minas Geraes is chiefly of Portuguese origin, which has been constantly strengthened by immigrants from the See also:

• MOTHER

mother country . A considerable admixture from other nationalities has resulted from the influx of mining adventurers, and some See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German colonies have been established in the state . The See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro population is large, and there is a still larger contingent of mixed races . The See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital is See also:

• BELLO, ANDRES (1781–1865)

Bello Horizonte (q.v.), or Cidade de Minas; other important cities and towns are: the former capital, Ouro Preto, Barbacena, Diamantina, Baependy (pop .

22,817 in 1890), on the head-waters of the Rio Verde, the centre of a rich tobacco-producing district; Curvello (8o7r), north of Sabath in the Rio das Velhas Valley, the centre of a cotton-growing district and cotton manufactures; Entre Rios (7681), in the coffee district of south-east Minas; Januaria (5888), a river port of the Sao Francisco in northern Minas; Juiz de Fora; Marianna (4751), an episcopal See also:

• TOWN

town east of Ouro Preto, Mar de Hespanha (18,712), the centre of a productive and populous agricultural See also:

• MUNICIPALITY

municipality of south-east Minas; Paracatil (21,418), an important commercial centre of western Minas near the Goyaz frontier; Queluz (12,600), on the Central do Brazil railway; Congonhas do Campo (10,902), in the municipality of Queluz, celebrated for its See also:

• MIRACLE (Lat. miraculum, from mirari, to wonder)

miracle-working See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image, its great See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and chapels, and the pilgrimages to its See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine; Sabath (4959), a See also:

• RAIL

rail-way junction on the Central do Brazil, and port on the Rio das Velhas; Congonhas de See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara (14,066), in the municipality of Sabath, where the celebrated Morro Velho gold-mine is situated; Sao Joao d' El-Rei (15,820) an important commercial mining and See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral centre, near the Rio das Mortes, connected with the Central do Brazil railway by a branch called the Oeste de Minas; and Uberaba (12,231), a commercial town of the western campos of Minas, connected with Sao Paulo by the Mogyana and Sao Paulo See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways . Minas Geraes was first explored by Fernando Dias Paes Leme between 1664 and 1677, though he was not the first See also:

• EUROPEAN

European to penetrate it . The See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of gold in 1692–1695 by bands of adventurers from the Sao Paulo settlements, led to every occupation and profession being abandoned in the mad See also:

• RUSH
• RUSH, BENJAMIN (1745–1813)
• RUSH, RICHARD (1780–1859)

rush for the new mines . Minas Geraes at first formed part of the capitania of Sao Paulo, but in 1720 it became a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and was brought more directly under the Portuguese crown . The arbitrary restrictions imposed upon the colonists aroused dissatisfaction among them and eventually led to See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy in 1789, inspired by a fear that the Portuguese government was about to enforce the collection of its " fifths " of the mining output, which had largely fallen into arrears . Among the conspirators was one Jose Alves Maciel, who had just returned from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France where he had met See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• JEFFERSON
• JEFFERSON, JOSEPH (1829-1905)
• JEFFERSON, THOMAS (1743-1826)

Jefferson and had become infected with French revolutionary ideas . A number of residents became involved, among them the poet Thomaz See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio See also:

• GONZAGA
• GONZAGA, THOMAZ ANTONIO (1744-1809)

Gonzaga . Reckless talk in public places led to the See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest of the conspirators . Only one was executed, a poor, uneducated subaltern See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia officer Joaquim Jose da See also:

• SILVA, ANTONIO JOSE DA (1705–1739)

Silva See also:

• XAVIER, FRANCISCO DE (1506-1552)

Xavier, nicknamed 0 Tiradentes (the Tooth-puller), the others being imprisoned or banished . Tiradentes has since been glorified as the pro-See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

martyr of Brazilian See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . In 1822 Minas became a See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire created by Dom Pedro I., though a revolutionary outbreak had occurred in Ouro Preto the year before . In 1842 a long See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of quarrels in Rio de Janeiro culminated in a revolution in Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo, which was suppressed at See also:

• SANTA

Santa Luzfa, Minas Geraes, on the zoth of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August of that year .

The abolition of See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery in 1888 caused much discontent among the planters and in the following year Minas Geraes promptly adhered to the See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic in Rio de Janeiro .